The world in the 500s BCE

States 2

• Roman Republic · state · 509 – 27 BCE
• Zhangzhung · state · 501 BCE – 625 CE

Wars and battles 3

• Battle of Silva Arsia · battle · 509 BCE
• Battle of Boju · battle · 506 BCE
• Siege of Rome · battle · 508 BCE

Unrest and atrocity 1

• Athenian Revolution · unrest · 508 – 507 BCE

States 1

• Roman Kingdom · state · 753 – 509 BCE

Unrest and atrocity 2

• Athenian Revolution · unrest · 508 – 507 BCE
• Overthrow of the Roman monarchy · unrest · 510 – 509 BCE

Born 2

• Anaxagoras · astronomer · 500 – 428 BCE
• Sextus Quinctilius · politician · 500 – 453 BCE

Died 3

• Laozi · philosopher · 604 – 501 BCE
• Cleisthenes · politician · 570 – 501 BCE
• Lucius Junius Brutus · politician · 540 – 509 BCE

Europe13 states

• Ancient Greece · 1201 BCE – 600 CE
• Ancient Rome · 753 BCE – 476 CE · Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, King of Rome since 534 BCE and Lucius Junius Brutus, Roman consul since 509 BCE
• Roman Republic · 509 – 27 BCE · Lucius Junius Brutus, Roman consul since 509 BCE and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, Roman consul since 509 BCE
• Macedonia · 808 – 167 BCE
• Etruscan civilization · 750 – 265 BCE
• Scythians · 700 – 201 BCE
• Roman Kingdom · 753 – 509 BCE · Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, King of Rome since 534 BCE
• Colchis · 1701 – 164 BCE

and 5 more; every state of Europe.

Middle East and North Africa22 states

• Ancient Egypt · 4001 – 30 BCE · Darius the Great, pharaoh since 522 BCE
• Babylon · 1894 BCE – 1 CE
• Troy · 3000 BCE – 500 CE
• Achaemenid Empire · 550 – 330 BCE · Atossa, queen since 522 BCE and Darius the Great, King of Kings since 522 BCE
• Phoenicia · 2500 – 64 BCE
• Persian Empire · 550 BCE – 1979 CE · Atossa, queen since 522 BCE and Darius the Great, King of Kings since 522 BCE
• Kingdom of Kush · 2180 BCE – 350 CE
• Ancient Carthage · 814 – 146 BCE · Hamilcar I of Carthage, monarch of Carthage since 510 BCE

and 14 more; every state of Middle East and North Africa.

South Asia21 states

• Magadha · 1201 – 345 BCE · Bimbisara, king since 544 BCE
• Gandhara · 751 BCE – 535 CE
• Mahajanapadas · 600 – 345 BCE
• Kosala · 701 – 501 BCE
• Anga Kingdom · 1101 – 501 BCE
• Panchala · 901 – 401 BCE
• Avanti · 701 – 301 BCE
• Vajjika League · 701 – 401 BCE

and 13 more; every state of South Asia.

East and Southeast Asia27 states

• Zhou dynasty · 1101 – 256 BCE · King Jing of Zhou (Gai), Chinese king since 519 BCE
• Spring and Autumn period · 771 – 476 BCE · King Jing of Zhou (Gai), Chinese king since 519 BCE
• Old Chosŏn · 2333 – 108 BCE
• Chu (state) · 722 – 223 BCE
• Qin · 905 – 221 BCE
• Yan (state) · 750 – 223 BCE
• Qi (state) · 1045 – 221 BCE · Duke Jing of Qi, Lord of Qi since 547 BCE
• Lu · 1101 – 249 BCE

and 19 more; every state of East and Southeast Asia.

Americas and Oceania3 states

• Maya civilization · 2001 BCE – 1521 CE
• Olmecs · 650 – 351 BCE
• Zapotec civilization · 6701 BCE – 1201 CE

Location unknown14 states

• Argead dynasty · 700 – 309 BCE
• Chedi kingdom · 601 – 301 BCE
• Qedarites · 801 – 201 BCE
• Licchavis of Vaishali · 701 – 468 BCE
• Kingdom of Tambapanni · 543 – 437 BCE · Vijaya, head of state since 543 BCE
• Dao · 1001 – 222 BCE
• Kingdom of Rajarata · 601 BCE – 1300 CE
• Dai (Spring and Autumn period) · 1001 – 457 BCE

and 6 more; every state of Location unknown.