State · 1250 – 1517

Mamluk Sultanate

A state of 1250 – 1517 — 267 years in the Middle East and North Africa. It replaced Abbasid Caliphate, Kingdom of Jerusalem and Ayyubid Egypt. It was replaced by Habesh eyalet. The atlas records 56 things within it — wars and battles 14 · people 42. Its line of rulers holds 49 people, 39 with dated terms.

Wikidata's English label: Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.

For the full story, the article on Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0); this page holds what the record says of the state.

Stood: 267 years; 1250 – 1517
Rulers: 49; the Sultan of Egypt
Most ground: 1.86 million km²; in 1516
Within it: 56; recorded rows

Map: Mamluk Sultanate in 1516, its borders in gold among its neighbours — Mamluk Sultanate in 1516, when it held the most ground the borders dataset draws for it: 1.86 million km². Its neighbours wear their tints, as on the atlas's own map. Borders from Cliopatria (CC BY 4.0), coast and rivers from Natural Earth, cities from Reba, Reitsma & Seto 2016 (CC BY 4.0), each city under the name it bore that year.

Where it sits in time

Five thousand years, 3000 BCE to 2026; the state in gold, what it replaced or followed and what replaced or followed it in grey.

Before and after

The states the record files it as replacing or following, and those that replaced or followed it - Wikidata's own statements, each read from this state's side.

Before it

Abbasid Caliphate · replaces · 750 – 1258
Ayyubid Egypt · replaces
Kingdom of Jerusalem · replaces · 1099 – 1291

After it

Habesh eyalet · replaced by

Rulers

The line of Sultan of Egypt.

killed, executed or dead in battledeposed, abdicated, exiled or removeddied in officeleft alive by a regular roadending not on recorda second row: a reign that began before the last had ended — rival claimants, or a shared throne

Ruler	Reign	Length	How it ended · source	To the ruler before
As-Salih Ayyub	1240 – 1249	9 years	died in office of natural causesWikidata's manner of death
Al-Musta'sim	1242 – 1258	16 years	executedWikidata's manner of death
Al-Muazzam Turanshah	1249 – 1250	1 year	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Aybak	1250 – 1250	under a year	left office aliveread off the dates alone
Shajar al-Durr	1250 – 1250	under a year	left office aliveread off the dates alone	spouse
Al-Ashraf Musa, Sultan of Egypt	1250 – 1254	4 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Aybak	1254 – 1257	3 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Al-Mansur Ali	1257 – 1259	2 years	left office aliveread off the dates alone	child
Qutuz	1259 – 1260	1 year	ending not on record
Baybars	1260 – 1277	17 years	killedWikidata's manner of death
Al-Mustansir II	1261 – 1261	under a year	died in battleWikidata's manner of death
Al-Hakim I	1262 – 1302	40 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Al-Sa'id Baraka	1277 – 1279	2 years	left office aliveread off the dates alone
Solamish	1279 – 1279	under a year	left office aliveread off the dates alone	sibling
Qalawun	1279 – 1290	11 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Al-Ashraf Khalil	1290 – 1293	3 years	killedWikidata's manner of death	child
Al-Nasir Muhammad	1293 – 1294	1 year	left office aliveread off the dates alone	sibling
Al-Adil Kitbugha	1294 – 1296	2 years	left office aliveread off the dates alone
Lajin	1296 – 1299	3 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Al-Nasir Muhammad	1299 – 1309	10 years	left office aliveread off the dates alone
Al-Mustakfi I	1302 – 1340	38 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Baibars II	1309 – 1310	1 year	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Al-Nasir Muhammad	1310 – 1341	31 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Al-Wathiq I	1336 – 1341	5 years	ending not on record
Al-Mansur Abu Bakr	1341 – 1341	under a year	executed, the article saysread from the ruler's own article
Al-Ashraf Kujuk	1341 – 1342	1 year	deposed, the article saysread from the ruler's own article	sibling
Al-Hakim II	1341 – 1352	11 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Al-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt	1342 – 1342	under a year	left office aliveread off the dates alone
Al-Salih Ismail	1342 – 1345	3 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	sibling
Al-Kamil Sha'ban	1345 – 1346	1 year	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	sibling
Al-Muzaffar Hajji	1346 – 1347	1 year	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	sibling
Al-Nasir Hasan	1347 – 1351	4 years	left office aliveread off the dates alone	sibling
As-Salih Salih	1351 – 1354	3 years	left office aliveread off the dates alone	sibling
Al-Mu'tadid I	1352 – 1362	10 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Al-Nasir Hasan	1355 – 1361	6 years	killed, the article saysread from the ruler's own article
Al-Mansur Muhammad, Sultan of Egypt	1361 – 1363	2 years	left office aliveread off the dates alone	nephew or niece
Al-Ashraf Sha'ban	1363 – 1377	14 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Al-Mansur Ali II, Sultan of Egypt	1377 – 1381	4 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Al-Salih Hajji	1381 – 1382	1 year	left office aliveread off the dates alone	sibling
Al-Salih Hajji	1389 – 1390	1 year	left office aliveread off the dates alone
An-Nasir Faraj	1399 – 1405	6 years	left office aliveread off the dates alone
Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz	1405 – 1405	under a year	left office aliveread off the dates alone	sibling
An-Nasir Faraj	1405 – 1412	7 years	killedWikidata's manner of death	sibling
Al-Musta'in	1412 – 1412	under a year	left office aliveread off the dates alone
Al-Mu'tadid II	1414 – 1441	27 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	sibling

49 rulers, 39 with terms dated as terms, covering 1240 – 1441. Median reign 3 years. 16 of 44 handovers irregular - a killing, a deposition, a rival claimant, a rising or a coup beside it. The violent-handover count is withheld: power changed hands so often that any rising falls beside one (exposure 0.68, limit 0.6). A blank in the last column means no kin on record, which is coverage, never “unrelated”.

Ground held, by year

km² inside its borders as the borders dataset draws them, measured on an equal-area grid; a step series, held between the years the dataset maps.

1.52 million km² in 1250, 1.86 million km² in 1517; at its largest 1.86 million km² in 1517. Cliopatria, CC BY 4.0.

What happened within it, by century

Every row the atlas hosts under this state, by the century it began in: wars and battles in red, risings, regime changes and massacres beside them, everything else in grey. A tall bar is a century the record is full for, which is partly a fact about Wikipedia.

1200 – 129918 rows · 6 wars and battles

Battle of Ain Jalut · battle · 1260
Abulfeda · ruler · 1273 – 1331
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya · scientist · 1292 – 1350
Al-Ashraf Khalil · ruler · 1263 – 1293
Aybak · ruler · 1205 – 1257
Al-Mansur Ali · ruler · 1242 – 1300
Solamish · ruler · 1272 – 1291
Al-Nasir Muhammad · ruler · 1284 – 1341

and 10 more in the atlas.

1300 – 139927 rows · 2 wars and battles

Ibn Kathir · writer · 1302 – 1373
Al-Maqrizi · philosopher · 1364 – 1442
Battle of Marj al-Saffar · battle · 1303
Al-Musta'in · ruler · 1393 – 1430
Alexandrian Crusade · war · 1365
An-Nasir Faraj · ruler · 1389 – 1412
Al-Nasir Hasan · ruler · 1330 – 1361
Al-Salih Hajji · ruler · 1372 – 1412

and 19 more in the atlas.

1400 – 14996 rows · 1 wars and battles

Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri · artist · 1441 – 1516
Ibn Taghribirdi · writer · 1411 – 1470
Tuman Bay II · politician · 1474 – 1517
Al-Mutawakkil III · ruler · 1490 – 1543
Al-Mutawakkil II · ruler · 1416 – 1497
Siege of Damascus · battle · 1400 – 1401

1500 – 15995 rows · 5 wars and battles

Battle of Marj Dabiq · battle · 1516
Ottoman–Mamluk War · war · 1516 – 1517
Battle of Ridaniya · battle · 1517
Battle of Yaunis Khan · battle · 1516
Capture of Cairo · battle · 1517

Among all states

Each measure against the states that carry it, never against all of them: a bar is the share of those states below this one.

How long it stood267 years
stood longer than 70% of 3,187 states with a recorded end or still standing.
The most ground it held1,858,000 km²
held more ground at its peak than 90% of 1,465 states with a border in Cliopatria.
Wars recorded per century0.7
had more wars on record per century than 92% of 3,187 states, counting the wars the atlas hosts under each.
How long a reign lasted, at the median3 years
had longer reigns, at the median, than 9% of 967 states whose dated line can carry a median.
Rulers on record49
has more rulers on record than 97% of 1,968 states with a line of rulers.

What led to it, and what came of it

The investigation's own picture: 6 causes the record names and 1 result, the strongest six of each at their own years, joined to the state by the kind of claim - a recorded statement solid, the article's sentence dashed, a theory dash-dot.

linked

Open the investigation: every row with its evidence, the conditions at the time, the theories condition by condition, and the succession analysed.

Open in the atlas

On the timeline, 1223 – 1544, with everything that stood beside it.
On the map in 1516, live: scrub the year and watch its borders move.
Investigate it: what led to it, what came of it, and its succession analysed.

Wikidata Q282428 (CC0) · borders Cliopatria, CC BY 4.0 · coast and rivers Natural Earth · data built 2026-10-06 · Pastlas v2.9.1, by Oleh Voronko. The published atlas and its data are for non-commercial use.