State · 401 – 1216

Kingdom of Gwynedd

A state of 401 – 1216 — 815 years in Europe. It replaced Dunoding and followed Dogfeiling and sub-Roman Britain. It was followed by Principality of Wales. The atlas records 39 things within it — wars and battles 1 · people 38. Its line of rulers holds 40 people.

For the full story, the article on Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0); this page holds what the record says of the state.

Stood: 815 years; 401 – 1216
Rulers: 40; the King of Gwynedd
Most ground: 23,200 km²; in 1056
Within it: 39; recorded rows
Symbols: 2; on record, with years

Map: Kingdom of Gwynedd in 1056, its borders in gold among its neighbours — Kingdom of Gwynedd in 1056, when it held the most ground the borders dataset draws for it: 23,200 km². Its neighbours wear their tints, as on the atlas's own map. Borders from Cliopatria (CC BY 4.0), coast and rivers from Natural Earth, cities from Reba, Reitsma & Seto 2016 (CC BY 4.0), each city under the name it bore that year.

Kingdom of Gwynedd in 540, first mapped — The rise and the fall in one frame: the same ground at the years the borders dataset first maps it, maps it largest, and last maps it.

Kingdom of Gwynedd in 1056, at its largest — The rise and the fall in one frame: the same ground at the years the borders dataset first maps it, maps it largest, and last maps it.

Where it sits in time

Five thousand years, 3000 BCE to 2026; the state in gold, what it replaced or followed and what replaced or followed it in grey.

Before and after

The states the record files it as replacing or following, and those that replaced or followed it - Wikidata's own statements, each read from this state's side.

Before it

Dogfeiling · follows · 445 – 700
Dunoding · replaces · 460 – 900
sub-Roman Britain · follows

After it

Principality of Wales · followed by · 1216 – 1542

Rulers

The line of King of Gwynedd.

killed, executed or dead in battledied in officeleft alive by a regular roadending not on recorda second row: a reign that began before the last had ended — rival claimants, or a shared throne

Ruler	Reign	Length	How it ended · source	To the ruler before
Cunedda	450 – 460	10 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Einion Yrth ap Cunedda	450 – 500	50 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Cadwallon Lawhir	500 – 534	34 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Maelgwn Gwynedd	534 – 547	13 years	died in office of natural causesWikidata's manner of death	child
Rhun ap Maelgwn	547 – 582	35 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Beli ap Rhun	582 – 599	17 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Iago ap Beli	599 – 613	14 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Cadfan ab Iago	613 – 625	12 years	the term ends after the recorded deathread off the dates alone	child
Cadwallon ap Cadfan	625 – 634	9 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Cadafael, King of Gwynedd	634 – 655	21 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon	655 – 682	27 years	died in office of natural causesWikidata's manner of death
Idwal Iwrch	682 – 720	38 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Rhodri Molwynog	720 – 754	34 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Caradog ap Meirion	754 – 798	44 years	killed, the article saysread from the ruler's own article
Cynan Dindaethwy	798 – 816	18 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Hywel ap Rhodri Molwynog	816 – 825	9 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	sibling
Merfyn Frych	825 – 844	19 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Rhodri Mawr	844 – 878	34 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Anarawd ap Rhodri	878 – 916	38 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Idwal Foel	916 – 942	26 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Hywel Dda	942 – 950	8 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Ieuaf	950 – 969	19 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Iago ab Idwal	950 – 979	29 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	sibling
Hywel ab Ieuaf	979 – 985	6 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	nephew or niece
Cadwallon ab Ieuaf	985 – 986	1 year	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	sibling
Cynan ap Hywel	999 – 1003	4 years	left office aliveread off the dates alone	nephew or niece
Aeddan ap Blegywryd	1005 – 1018	13 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Llywelyn ap Seisyll	1018 – 1023	5 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig	1023 – 1039	16 years	killed, the article saysread from the ruler's own article
Gruffudd ap Llywelyn	1039 – 1063	24 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn	1063 – 1069	6 years	died in battleWikidata's manner of death	sibling
Bleddyn ap Cynfyn	1063 – 1075	12 years	ending not on record	sibling
Trahaearn ap Caradog	1075 – 1081	6 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Gruffudd ap Cynan	1081 – 1137	56 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Owain Gwynedd	1137 – 1170	33 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd	1170 – 1170	under a year	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd	1170 – 1195	25 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	sibling
Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd	1170 – 1195	25 years	ending not on record	sibling
Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd	1170 – 1195	25 years	left office aliveread off the dates alone	sibling
Llywelyn ab Iorwerth	1195 – 1240	45 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	nephew or niece

40 rulers, 40 with terms dated as terms, covering 450 – 1240. Median reign 19 years. 7 of 39 handovers irregular - a killing, a deposition, a rival claimant, a rising or a coup beside it. A blank in the last column means no kin on record, which is coverage, never “unrelated”.

Ground held, by year

km² inside its borders as the borders dataset draws them, measured on an equal-area grid; a step series, held between the years the dataset maps.

8,200 km² in 551, 12,500 km² in 1216; at its largest 15,100 km² in 876. Cliopatria, CC BY 4.0.

Flags and arms, in order

Each symbol with the years its own statement gives; the timeline flies the one of the year on screen.

flag, undatedFlag of Gwynedd · CC BY-SA 2.5 · Oren neu dag
coat of arms, undatedArms of Llywelyn · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Sodacan

What happened within it, by century

Every row the atlas hosts under this state, by the century it began in: wars and battles in red, risings, regime changes and massacres beside them, everything else in grey. A tall bar is a century the record is full for, which is partly a fact about Wikipedia.

400 – 4994 rows

Maelgwn Gwynedd · ruler · 480 – 547
Einion Yrth ap Cunedda · ruler · 420 – 500
Cadwallon Lawhir · ruler · 460 – 534
Rhun ap Maelgwn · ruler · 492 – 582

500 – 5994 rows

Cadwallon ap Cadfan · ruler · 591 – 634
Cadfan ab Iago · ruler · 580 – 617
Iago ap Beli · ruler · 560 – 613
Beli ap Rhun · ruler · 517 – 599

600 – 6995 rows · 1 wars and battles

Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon · ruler · 633 – 682
Battle of Chester · battle · 615
Rhodri Molwynog · ruler · 690 – 754
Idwal Iwrch · ruler · 650 – 720
Cadafael, King of Gwynedd · ruler · 650 – 655

700 – 7992 rows

Caradog ap Meirion · ruler · 730 – 798
Cynan Dindaethwy · ruler · 740 – 816

800 – 8994 rows

Rhodri Mawr · ruler · 820 – 878
Anarawd ap Rhodri · ruler · 855 – 916
Idwal Foel · ruler · 885 – 942
Merfyn Frych · ruler · 800 – 844

900 – 9998 rows

Cynan ap Hywel · ruler · 950 – 1005
Llywelyn ap Seisyll · ruler · 974 – 1023
Aeddan ap Blegywryd · ruler · 901 – 1018
Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig · ruler · 974 – 1039
Iago ab Idwal · ruler · 908 – 979
Cadwallon ab Ieuaf · ruler · 901 – 986
Ieuaf · ruler · 915 – 969
Hywel ab Ieuaf · ruler · 950 – 985

1000 – 10995 rows

Gruffudd ap Llywelyn · ruler · 1000 – 1063
Gruffudd ap Cynan · ruler · 1055 – 1137
Trahaearn ap Caradog · ruler · 1030 – 1081
Bleddyn ap Cynfyn · ruler · 1001 – 1075
Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn · ruler · 1025 – 1070

1100 – 11996 rows

Llywelyn ab Iorwerth · ruler · 1173 – 1240
Owain Gwynedd · ruler · 1100 – 1170
Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd · ruler · 1150 – 1170
Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd · ruler · 1135 – 1203
Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd · ruler · 1135 – 1195
Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd · ruler · 1101 – 1173

Among all states

Each measure against the states that carry it, never against all of them: a bar is the share of those states below this one.

How long it stood815 years
stood longer than 95% of 3,187 states with a recorded end or still standing.
The most ground it held23,200 km²
held more ground at its peak than 23% of 1,465 states with a border in Cliopatria.
Wars recorded per centurynone
had more wars on record per century than 44% of 3,187 states, counting the wars the atlas hosts under each.
How long a reign lasted, at the median19 years
had longer reigns, at the median, than 59% of 967 states whose dated line can carry a median.
Rulers on record40
has more rulers on record than 96% of 1,968 states with a line of rulers.

What led to it, and what came of it

The investigation's own picture: 1 cause the record names and 1 result, the strongest six of each at their own years, joined to the state by the kind of claim - a recorded statement solid, the article's sentence dashed, a theory dash-dot.

linked

Open the investigation: every row with its evidence, the conditions at the time, the theories condition by condition, and the succession analysed.

Open in the atlas

On the timeline, 319 – 1298, with everything that stood beside it.
On the map in 1056, live: scrub the year and watch its borders move.
Investigate it: what led to it, what came of it, and its succession analysed.

Wikidata Q816814 (CC0) · borders Cliopatria, CC BY 4.0 · coast and rivers Natural Earth · symbols from Wikimedia Commons, each credited above · data built 2026-10-06 · Pastlas v2.9.1, by Oleh Voronko. The published atlas and its data are for non-commercial use.