Pastlasby Oleh Voronko

State · 1402 – 1899

Spanish Empire

A state of 1402 – 1899 — 497 years in Europe. It replaced Crown of Aragon and Crown of Castile. It was replaced by Spain. The atlas records 121 things within it — wars and battles 39 · unrest and atrocity 5 · natural disasters 4 · treaties 2 · people 71. Its line of rulers holds 43 people, 27 with dated terms.

For the full story, the article on Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0); this page holds what the record says of the state.

Stood
497 years
1402 – 1899
Rulers
43
the Viceroy of Sardinia
Most ground
11.39 million km²
in 1809
Within it
121
recorded rows
Symbols
8
on record, with years
Map: Spanish Empire in 1809, its borders in gold among its neighbours
Spanish Empire in 1809, when it held the most ground the borders dataset draws for it: 11.39 million km². Its neighbours wear their tints, as on the atlas's own map. Borders from Cliopatria (CC BY 4.0), coast and rivers from Natural Earth, cities from Reba, Reitsma & Seto 2016 (CC BY 4.0), each city under the name it bore that year.
Spanish Empire in 1516, first mapped

1516 · first mapped · 257,200 km²

Spanish Empire in 1809, at its largest

1809 · at its largest · 11.39 million km²

Spanish Empire in 1926, last mapped

1926 · last mapped · 854,400 km²

The rise and the fall in one frame: the same ground at the years the borders dataset first maps it, maps it largest, and last maps it.

Where it sits in time

3000 BCE2000 BCE1000 BCE110002000Crown of Aragon: 1162 – 1715Crown of Castile: 1230 – 1715Spain: 1516 – 2026Spanish Empire: 1402 – 1899

Five thousand years, 3000 BCE to 2026; the state in gold, what it replaced or followed and what replaced or followed it in grey.

Before and after

The states the record files it as replacing or following, and those that replaced or followed it - Wikidata's own statements, each read from this state's side.

Before it

After it

  • Spain · replaced by · 1516 – present

Rulers

The line of Viceroy of Sardinia.

Roger de Montcada i de Lloria · 1397 – 1398 · left office aliveBernardo de Centelles · 1421 – 1433 · died in office, manner not recordedFrancesc d'Erill i de Centelles · 1437 – 1448 · left office alivePere de Besalú · 1455 – 1458 · no death date to read the end againstEiximèn Peres Escrivà de Romaní i Ram · 1479 – 1483 · deposed or removedEiximèn Peres Escrivà de Romaní i Ram · 1485 – 1486 · left office aliveLorenzo Fernández de Heredia y Lope de Lanuza · 1551 – 1556 · died in office, manner not recordedMiguel de Moncada · 1578 – 1584 · left office aliveFernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba · 1580 – 1582 · died in office, manner not recordedAlbert VII of Austria · 1583 – 1593 · left office aliveAntonio Coloma y Saa · 1584 – 1594 · left office aliveMiguel de Moncada · 1586 – 1590 · died in office, manner not recordedFrancisco de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma · 1598 – 1600 · left office aliveCristóvão de Moura · 1600 – 1603 · left office aliveCristóvão de Moura · 1608 – 1612 · left office aliveMiguel de Castro · 1615 – 1617 · left office aliveLluís de Tena Gomez · 1621 – 1622 · died in office, manner not recordedPedro Ramón Zaforteza y Villalonga · 1625 – 1626 · left office aliveDiogo de Castro · 1633 – 1634 · left office aliveMargaret of Savoy · 1634 – 1640 · left office aliveDuarte Fernando Álvarez de Toledo · 1651 – 1651 · left office aliveFrancisco de Moura Corte Real, 3rd Marquis of Castelo Rodrigo · 1657 – 1662 · left office aliveManuel de los Cobos, 4th Marquis of Camarasa · 1665 – 1668 · killedFrancisco de Benavides · 1675 – 1678 · left office aliveBaltasar de Zúñiga, 1st Duke of Arión · 1704 – 1707 · left office aliveJosep Antoni de Rubí i de Boixadors · 1717 – 1717 · left office aliveJosé María Calatrava · 1836 – 1837 · left office aliveBaldomero Espartero · 1840 – 1843 · deposed, the article saysFrancisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre · 1868 – 1869 · left office aliveFrancisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre · 1871 – 1871 · left office aliveMaria Christina of Austria · 1885 – 1902 · left office alive1500160017001800
killed, executed or dead in battledeposed, abdicated, exiled or removeddied in officeleft alive by a regular roadending not on recorda second row: a reign that began before the last had ended — rival claimants, or a shared throne
RulerReignLengthHow it ended · sourceTo the ruler before
Roger de Montcada i de Lloria1397 – 13981 yearleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Bernardo de Centelles1421 – 143312 yearsdied in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Francesc d'Erill i de Centelles1437 – 144811 yearsleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Pere de Besalú1455 – 14583 yearsending not on record
Eiximèn Peres Escrivà de Romaní i Ram1479 – 14834 yearsdeposed or removedWikidata's end cause on the term
Eiximèn Peres Escrivà de Romaní i Ram1485 – 14861 yearleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Lorenzo Fernández de Heredia y Lope de Lanuza1551 – 15565 yearsdied in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Miguel de Moncada1578 – 15846 yearsleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba1580 – 15822 yearsdied in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Albert VII of Austria1583 – 159310 yearsleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Antonio Coloma y Saa1584 – 159410 yearsleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Miguel de Moncada1586 – 15904 yearsdied in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma1598 – 16002 yearsleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Cristóvão de Moura1600 – 16033 yearsleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Cristóvão de Moura1608 – 16124 yearsleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Miguel de Castro1615 – 16172 yearsleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Lluís de Tena Gomez1621 – 16221 yeardied in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Pedro Ramón Zaforteza y Villalonga1625 – 16261 yearleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Diogo de Castro1633 – 16341 yearleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Margaret of Savoy1634 – 16406 yearsleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Duarte Fernando Álvarez de Toledo1651 – 1651under a yearleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Francisco de Moura Corte Real, 3rd Marquis of Castelo Rodrigo1657 – 16625 yearsleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Manuel de los Cobos, 4th Marquis of Camarasa1665 – 16683 yearskilledWikidata's manner of death
Francisco de Benavides1675 – 16783 yearsleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Baltasar de Zúñiga, 1st Duke of Arión1704 – 17073 yearsleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Josep Antoni de Rubí i de Boixadors1717 – 1717under a yearleft office aliveread off the dates alone
José María Calatrava1836 – 18371 yearleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Baldomero Espartero1840 – 18433 yearsdeposed, the article saysread from the ruler's own article
Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre1868 – 18691 yearleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre1871 – 1871under a yearleft office aliveread off the dates alone
Maria Christina of Austria1885 – 190217 yearsleft office aliveread off the dates alone

43 rulers, 27 with terms dated as terms, covering 1397 – 1902. Median reign 3 years. 7 of 30 handovers irregular - a killing, a deposition, a rival claimant, a rising or a coup beside it. A blank in the last column means no kin on record, which is coverage, never “unrelated”.

Ground held, by year

km² inside its borders as the borders dataset draws them, measured on an equal-area grid; a step series, held between the years the dataset maps.

160017001800

881,200 km² in 1527, 1.23 million km² in 1899; at its largest 11.28 million km² in 1802. Cliopatria, CC BY 4.0.

Flags and arms, in order

Each symbol with the years its own statement gives; the timeline flies the one of the year on screen.

  • Royal Banner of the Crown of Castille (15th Century Style)
    flag, to 1500Royal Banner of the Crown of Castille (15th Century Style) · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Heralder
  • Flag of Spain (1873–1874)
    flag, undatedFlag of Spain (1873–1874) · CC BY-SA 2.5 · Ignacio Gavira (original image), B1mbo (modifications)
  • Pendón heráldico de los Reyes Catolicos de 1492-1504
    flag, 1492 – 1506Pendón heráldico de los Reyes Catolicos de 1492-1504 · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Proof02
  • Flag of Cross of Burgundy
    flag, 1506 – 1701Flag of Cross of Burgundy · Public domain
  • Flag of Spain (1701–1760)
    flag, 1701 – 1760Flag of Spain (1701–1760) · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Durero
  • Flag of Spain (1760–1785)
    flag, 1760 – 1785Flag of Spain (1760–1785) · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Durero
  • Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931)
    flag, 1785 – 1873Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931) · CC BY-SA 3.0 · previous version User:Ignaciogavira ; current version HansenBCN , designs from SanchoPanz…
  • Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931)
    flag, 1875 – 1931Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931) · CC BY-SA 3.0 · previous version User:Ignaciogavira ; current version HansenBCN , designs from SanchoPanz…

What happened within it, by century

Every row the atlas hosts under this state, by the century it began in: wars and battles in red, risings, regime changes and massacres beside them, everything else in grey. A tall bar is a century the record is full for, which is partly a fact about Wikipedia.

1400 – 1499: 2 recorded — 0 wars and battles, 0 risings, regime changes and massacres, 2 other14001500 – 1599: 15 recorded — 4 wars and battles, 0 risings, regime changes and massacres, 11 other15001600 – 1699: 17 recorded — 11 wars and battles, 2 risings, regime changes and massacres, 4 other16001700 – 1799: 58 recorded — 11 wars and battles, 2 risings, regime changes and massacres, 45 other17001800 – 1899: 28 recorded — 13 wars and battles, 1 risings, regime changes and massacres, 14 other1800

1400 – 14992 rows

1500 – 159915 rows · 4 wars and battles

and 7 more in the atlas.

1600 – 169917 rows · 11 wars and battles · 2 risings, regime changes and massacres

and 9 more in the atlas.

1700 – 179958 rows · 11 wars and battles · 2 risings, regime changes and massacres

and 50 more in the atlas.

1800 – 189928 rows · 13 wars and battles · 1 risings, regime changes and massacres

and 20 more in the atlas.

Among all states

Each measure against the states that carry it, never against all of them: a bar is the share of those states below this one.

  • How long it stood497 years

    stood longer than 86% of 3,187 states with a recorded end or still standing.

  • The most ground it held11,388,000 km²

    held more ground at its peak than 99% of 1,465 states with a border in Cliopatria.

  • Wars recorded per century2.0

    had more wars on record per century than 98% of 3,187 states, counting the wars the atlas hosts under each.

  • How long a reign lasted, at the median3 years

    had longer reigns, at the median, than 9% of 967 states whose dated line can carry a median.

  • Rulers on record43

    has more rulers on record than 97% of 1,968 states with a line of rulers.

What led to it, and what came of it

The investigation's own picture: 23 causes the record names and 1 result, the strongest six of each at their own years, joined to the state by the kind of claim - a recorded statement solid, the article's sentence dashed, a theory dash-dot.

Crown of Aragon · Linked · 1162 – 1715Crown of AragonCrown of Castile · Linked · 1230 – 1715Crown of CastileKingdom of Castile · Coincidence · 1065 – 1715Kingdom of CastileDuchy of Milan · Coincidence · 1395 – 1797Duchy of MilanSpanish Empire · 1402 – 1899Spanish EmpireSpain · Linked · 1516 – 2026Spain12001400160018002000
linkedcoincidence

Open the investigation: every row with its evidence, the conditions at the time, the theories condition by condition, and the succession analysed.

Open in the atlas

Wikidata Q80702 (CC0) · borders Cliopatria, CC BY 4.0 · coast and rivers Natural Earth · symbols from Wikimedia Commons, each credited above · data built 2026-10-06 · Pastlas v2.9.1, by Oleh Voronko. The published atlas and its data are for non-commercial use.