State · 661 – 750

Umayyad Caliphate

A state of 661 – 750 — 89 years in the Middle East and North Africa. It replaced Rashidun Caliphate, Kingdom of the Nemencha and Exarchate of Africa and followed Byzantine Empire and Kingdom of Toledo. It was followed by Abbasid Caliphate and Umayyad state of Córdoba. The atlas records 55 things within it — wars and battles 11 · unrest and atrocity 3 · natural disasters 1 · people 40. Its line of rulers holds 14 people.

For the full story, the article on Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0); this page holds what the record says of the state.

Stood: 89 years; 661 – 750
Rulers: 14; the Umayyad Caliph
Most ground: 9.89 million km²; in 732
Within it: 55; recorded rows

Map: Umayyad Caliphate in 732, its borders in gold among its neighbours — Umayyad Caliphate in 732, when it held the most ground the borders dataset draws for it: 9.89 million km². Its neighbours wear their tints, as on the atlas's own map. Borders from Cliopatria (CC BY 4.0), coast and rivers from Natural Earth, cities from Reba, Reitsma & Seto 2016 (CC BY 4.0), each city under the name it bore that year.

Umayyad Caliphate in 661, first mapped — The rise and the fall in one frame: the same ground at the years the borders dataset first maps it, maps it largest, and last maps it.

Umayyad Caliphate in 732, at its largest — The rise and the fall in one frame: the same ground at the years the borders dataset first maps it, maps it largest, and last maps it.

Where it sits in time

Five thousand years, 3000 BCE to 2026; the state in gold, what it replaced or followed and what replaced or followed it in grey.

Before and after

The states the record files it as replacing or following, and those that replaced or followed it - Wikidata's own statements, each read from this state's side.

Before it

Rashidun Caliphate · replaces · 632 – 661
Byzantine Empire · follows · 285 – 1453
Kingdom of the Nemencha · replaces
Exarchate of Africa · replaces
Kingdom of Toledo · follows

After it

Abbasid Caliphate · followed by · 750 – 1258
Umayyad state of Córdoba · followed by · 756 – 929

Rulers

The line of Umayyad Caliph - the office this state names as its head of state.

killed, executed or dead in battledeposed, abdicated, exiled or removeddied in office

Ruler	Reign	Length	How it ended · source	To the ruler before
Mu'awiya I	661 – 680	19 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Yazid I	680 – 683	3 years	killed, the article saysread from the ruler's own article	child
Mu'awiya II	683 – 684	1 year	died in office of natural causesWikidata's manner of death	child
Marwan I	684 – 685	1 year	exiled, imprisoned or confined, the article saysread from the ruler's own article
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan	685 – 705	20 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Al-Walid I	705 – 715	10 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik	715 – 717	2 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	sibling
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz	717 – 720	3 years	killedWikidata's manner of death
Yazid II	720 – 724	4 years	died in office of natural causesWikidata's manner of death
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik	724 – 743	19 years	died in office of natural causesWikidata's manner of death	sibling
Al-Walid II	743 – 744	1 year	died in battleWikidata's manner of death	nephew or niece
Yazid III	744 – 744	under a year	died in office of natural causesWikidata's manner of death
Ibrahim ibn al-Walid	744 – 744	under a year	abdicated, the article saysread from the ruler's own article	sibling
Marwan II	744 – 750	6 years	killedWikidata's manner of death

14 rulers, 14 with terms dated as terms, covering 661 – 750. Median reign 3 years. 7 of 13 handovers irregular - a killing, a deposition, a rival claimant, a rising or a coup beside it. A blank in the last column means no kin on record, which is coverage, never “unrelated”.

Ground held, by year

km² inside its borders as the borders dataset draws them, measured on an equal-area grid; a step series, held between the years the dataset maps.

925,100 km² in 661, 5.22 million km² in 750; at its largest 9.86 million km² in 731. Cliopatria, CC BY 4.0.

What happened within it, by century

Every row the atlas hosts under this state, by the century it began in: wars and battles in red, risings, regime changes and massacres beside them, everything else in grey. A tall bar is a century the record is full for, which is partly a fact about Wikipedia.

600 – 69934 rows · 6 wars and battles

Abu Hanifa · philosopher · 699 – 767
Mu'awiya I · ruler · 603 – 680
John of Damascus · scientist · 675 – 749
Ja'far al-Sadiq · religious leader · 699 – 765
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan · ruler · 646 – 705
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz · ruler · 681 – 720
Yazid I · ruler · 646 – 683
Tariq ibn Ziyad · commander · 670 – 720

and 26 more in the atlas.

700 – 79921 rows · 5 wars and battles · 3 risings, regime changes and massacres

Jabir ibn Hayyan · scientist · 721 – 815
Reconquista · war · 722 – 1492
Abu Muslim · commander · 718 – 755
Al-Walid II · ruler · 700 – 744
Ibn Ishaq · writer · 704 – 768
Yazid III · ruler · 701 – 744
Ibn Hisham · writer · 701 – 828
Abbasid revolution · unrest · 746 – 750

and 13 more in the atlas.

Among all states

Each measure against the states that carry it, never against all of them: a bar is the share of those states below this one.

How long it stood89 years
stood longer than 44% of 3,187 states with a recorded end or still standing.
The most ground it held9,888,900 km²
held more ground at its peak than 99% of 1,465 states with a border in Cliopatria.
Wars recorded per century3.0
had more wars on record per century than 99% of 3,187 states, counting the wars the atlas hosts under each.
How long a reign lasted, at the median3 years
had longer reigns, at the median, than 9% of 967 states whose dated line can carry a median.
Rulers on record14
has more rulers on record than 87% of 1,968 states with a line of rulers.

What led to it, and what came of it

The investigation's own picture: 30 causes the record names and 5 results, the strongest six of each at their own years, joined to the state by the kind of claim - a recorded statement solid, the article's sentence dashed, a theory dash-dot.

linked

Open the investigation: every row with its evidence, the conditions at the time, the theories condition by condition, and the succession analysed.

Theories that apply to its ending

Of 3 theories of why states fall, 1 has every condition present at this ending; each is applied by its own logic, condition by condition, and whether its authors named this case is a footnote.

Demographic-structural breakdown
Goldstone 1991 · Turchin & Nefedov 2009
Applies by its own logic: 3 of its 3 conditions held here (it needs 2), and this is the kind of outcome it predicts — unrest, adverse regime change or the state's ending.
- famine, plague or disaster within 30 y in the state, or population up 25% over 50 y — prior
- overlapping reigns — rival claimants — within 20 y, or 3 or more changes of ruler within 20 y, or 2 or more reigns of two years or less within 20 y, or a monarch deposed or killed within 20 y — handovers 4; shortReigns 3
- a war the state is fighting, still under way, or a war the state fought, ended within 10 y — warOngoing; warEnded

Open in the atlas

On the timeline, 651 – 760, with everything that stood beside it.
On the map in 732, live: scrub the year and watch its borders move.
Investigate it: what led to it, what came of it, and its succession analysed.

Wikidata Q8575586 (CC0) · borders Cliopatria, CC BY 4.0 · coast and rivers Natural Earth · data built 2026-10-06 · Pastlas v2.9.1, by Oleh Voronko. The published atlas and its data are for non-commercial use.