State · 1077 – 1307

Sultanate of Rum

A state of 1077 – 1307 — 230 years in the Middle East and North Africa. It was replaced by Karamanids and Ramadanid Emirate. The atlas records 35 things within it — wars and battles 14 · people 21. Its line of rulers holds 25 people, 19 with dated terms.

For the full story, the article on Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0); this page holds what the record says of the state.

Stood: 230 years; 1077 – 1307
Rulers: 25; the Sultan of Rum
Most ground: 366,700 km²; in 1094
Within it: 35; recorded rows
Symbols: 2; on record, with years

Map: Sultanate of Rum in 1094, its borders in gold among its neighbours — Sultanate of Rum in 1094, when it held the most ground the borders dataset draws for it: 366,700 km². Its neighbours wear their tints, as on the atlas's own map. Borders from Cliopatria (CC BY 4.0), coast and rivers from Natural Earth, cities from Reba, Reitsma & Seto 2016 (CC BY 4.0), each city under the name it bore that year.

Sultanate of Rum in 1094, at its largest — The rise and the fall in one frame: the same ground at the years the borders dataset first maps it, maps it largest, and last maps it.

Sultanate of Rum in 1305, last mapped — The rise and the fall in one frame: the same ground at the years the borders dataset first maps it, maps it largest, and last maps it.

Where it sits in time

Five thousand years, 3000 BCE to 2026; the state in gold, what it replaced or followed and what replaced or followed it in grey.

Before and after

The states the record files it as replacing or following, and those that replaced or followed it - Wikidata's own statements, each read from this state's side.

After it

Karamanids · replaced by · 1250 – 1487
Ramadanid Emirate · replaced by · 1352 – 1608

Rulers

The line of Sultan of Rum.

killed, executed or dead in battledied in officeleft alive by a regular roadending not on recorda second row: a reign that began before the last had ended — rival claimants, or a shared throne

Ruler	Reign	Length	How it ended · source	To the ruler before
Suleiman ibn Qutalmish	1074 – 1086	12 years	died in battleWikidata's manner of death
Kilij Arslan I	1092 – 1107	15 years	died by accidentWikidata's manner of death	child
Malik Shah of Rum	1107 – 1116	9 years	died by accidentWikidata's manner of death	child
Mesud I	1116 – 1156	40 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	sibling
Kilij Arslan II	1156 – 1192	36 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Kaykhusraw I	1192 – 1196	4 years	left office aliveread off the dates alone	child
Suleiman II of Rum	1196 – 1204	8 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	sibling
Tughril ibn Kılıç Arslan II	1202 – 1225	23 years	ending not on record	sibling
Kilij Arslan III	1204 – 1205	1 year	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Kaykhusraw I	1205 – 1211	6 years	died in battleWikidata's manner of death
Kaykaus I	1211 – 1220	9 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Kayqubad I	1220 – 1237	17 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	sibling
Kaykhusraw II	1237 – 1246	9 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child
Kaykaus II	1246 – 1262	16 years	left office aliveread off the dates alone	child
Kayqubad II	1249 – 1257	8 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	sibling
Kilij Arslan IV	1249 – 1266	17 years	the term ends after the recorded deathread off the dates alone	sibling
Kaykhusraw III	1266 – 1284	18 years	executed, the article saysread from the ruler's own article	child
Mesud II	1284 – 1297	13 years	left office aliveread off the dates alone
Kayqubad III	1297 – 1303	6 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Mesud II	1303 – 1306	3 years	left office aliveread off the dates alone
Mesud III	1307 – 1308	1 year	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	child

25 rulers, 19 with terms dated as terms, covering 1074 – 1308. Median reign 9 years. 9 of 20 handovers irregular - a killing, a deposition, a rival claimant, a rising or a coup beside it. A blank in the last column means no kin on record, which is coverage, never “unrelated”.

Ground held, by year

km² inside its borders as the borders dataset draws them, measured on an equal-area grid; a step series, held between the years the dataset maps.

366,700 km² in 1097, 71,700 km² in 1307; at its largest 366,700 km² in 1097. Cliopatria, CC BY 4.0.

Flags and arms, in order

Each symbol with the years its own statement gives; the timeline flies the one of the year on screen.

coat of arms, undatedDouble-headed eagle of the Sultanate of Rum · CC0
coat of arms, undatedSeljuk Lion and Sun · CC0

What happened within it, by century

Every row the atlas hosts under this state, by the century it began in: wars and battles in red, risings, regime changes and massacres beside them, everything else in grey. A tall bar is a century the record is full for, which is partly a fact about Wikipedia.

1000 – 10996 rows · 3 wars and battles

Kilij Arslan I · ruler · 1079 – 1107
Battle of Dorylaeum · battle · 1097
Siege of Nicaea · battle · 1097
Malik Shah of Rum · ruler · 1096 – 1116
Siege of Xerigordos · battle · 1096
Abu'l-Qasim · ruler · 1001 – 1092

1100 – 119912 rows · 5 wars and battles

Crusade of 1101 · war · 1101
Kayqubad I · ruler · 1188 – 1237
Battle of Myriokephalon · battle · 1176
Kaykhusraw I · ruler · 1177 – 1211
Kaykaus I · ruler · 1190 – 1220
Mesud I · ruler · 1107 – 1156
Kilij Arslan II · ruler · 1113 – 1192
Kilij Arslan III · ruler · 1190 – 1205

and 4 more in the atlas.

1200 – 129917 rows · 6 wars and battles

Yunus Emre · writer · 1241 – 1321
Battle of Köse Dağ · battle · 1243
Kaykhusraw II · ruler · 1221 – 1246
Tamar · ruler · 1227 – 1286
Kaykaus II · ruler · 1234 – 1279
Mesud II · ruler · 1262 – 1308
Kilij Arslan IV · ruler · 1230 – 1265
Kayqubad III · ruler · 1283 – 1303

and 9 more in the atlas.

Among all states

Each measure against the states that carry it, never against all of them: a bar is the share of those states below this one.

How long it stood230 years
stood longer than 67% of 3,187 states with a recorded end or still standing.
The most ground it held366,700 km²
held more ground at its peak than 69% of 1,465 states with a border in Cliopatria.
Wars recorded per century0.9
had more wars on record per century than 92% of 3,187 states, counting the wars the atlas hosts under each.
How long a reign lasted, at the median9 years
had longer reigns, at the median, than 31% of 967 states whose dated line can carry a median.
Rulers on record25
has more rulers on record than 93% of 1,968 states with a line of rulers.

What led to it, and what came of it

The investigation's own picture: 1 cause the record names and 2 results, the strongest six of each at their own years, joined to the state by the kind of claim - a recorded statement solid, the article's sentence dashed, a theory dash-dot.

arguedlinked

Open the investigation: every row with its evidence, the conditions at the time, the theories condition by condition, and the succession analysed.

Open in the atlas

On the timeline, 1054 – 1330, with everything that stood beside it.
On the map in 1094, live: scrub the year and watch its borders move.
Investigate it: what led to it, what came of it, and its succession analysed.

Wikidata Q975405 (CC0) · borders Cliopatria, CC BY 4.0 · coast and rivers Natural Earth · symbols from Wikimedia Commons, each credited above · data built 2026-10-06 · Pastlas v2.9.1, by Oleh Voronko. The published atlas and its data are for non-commercial use.