State · 1320 – 1413

Tughlaq dynasty

A state of 1320 – 1413 — 93 years in South Asia. It replaced Sayyid dynasty. Its line of rulers holds 3 people.

For the full story, the article on Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0); this page holds what the record says of the state.

Stood: 93 years; 1320 – 1413
Rulers: 3; the Sultan of Hindustan (Sultan of Delhi)
Most ground: 2.46 million km²; in 1333
Symbol: 1; on record, with years

Map: Tughlaq dynasty in 1333, its borders in gold among its neighbours — Tughlaq dynasty in 1333, when it held the most ground the borders dataset draws for it: 2.46 million km². Its neighbours wear their tints, as on the atlas's own map. Borders from Cliopatria (CC BY 4.0), coast and rivers from Natural Earth, cities from Reba, Reitsma & Seto 2016 (CC BY 4.0), each city under the name it bore that year.

Tughlaq dynasty in 1333, at its largest — The rise and the fall in one frame: the same ground at the years the borders dataset first maps it, maps it largest, and last maps it.

Tughlaq dynasty in 1407, last mapped — The rise and the fall in one frame: the same ground at the years the borders dataset first maps it, maps it largest, and last maps it.

Where it sits in time

Five thousand years, 3000 BCE to 2026; the state in gold, what it replaced or followed and what replaced or followed it in grey.

Before and after

The states the record files it as replacing or following, and those that replaced or followed it - Wikidata's own statements, each read from this state's side.

Before it

Sayyid dynasty · replaces · 1414 – 1451

Rulers

The line of Sultan of Hindustan (Sultan of Delhi).

died in office

Ruler	Reign	Length	How it ended · source
Muhammad Shah III	1389 – 1394	5 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Sikandar-Xah Tughluq	1394 – 1394	under a year	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone
Mahmud Shah II	1394 – 1413	19 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone

3 rulers, 3 with terms dated as terms, covering 1389 – 1413. Only 24 years of the line are dated - too short for a median. 0 of 2 handovers irregular - a killing, a deposition, a rival claimant, a rising or a coup beside it. A blank in the last column means no kin on record, which is coverage, never “unrelated”.

Ground held, by year

km² inside its borders as the borders dataset draws them, measured on an equal-area grid; a step series, held between the years the dataset maps.

2.45 million km² in 1330, 89,100 km² in 1413; at its largest 2.46 million km² in 1340. Cliopatria, CC BY 4.0.

Flag or arms

Each symbol with the years its own statement gives; the timeline flies the one of the year on screen.

flag, undatedDelhi Sultanate Flag · Public domain

Among all states

Each measure against the states that carry it, never against all of them: a bar is the share of those states below this one.

How long it stood93 years
stood longer than 45% of 3,187 states with a recorded end or still standing.
The most ground it held2,455,100 km²
held more ground at its peak than 93% of 1,465 states with a border in Cliopatria.
Wars recorded per centurynone
had more wars on record per century than 44% of 3,187 states, counting the wars the atlas hosts under each.
Rulers on record3
has more rulers on record than 48% of 1,968 states with a line of rulers.

Theories that apply to its ending

Of 3 theories of why states fall, 1 has every condition present at this ending; each is applied by its own logic, condition by condition, and whether its authors named this case is a footnote.

Dynastic cycle and the decay of group feeling
Ibn Khaldun 1377 · Turchin & Nefedov 2009
Applies by its own logic: the condition it names held here, and this is the kind of outcome it predicts — adverse regime change or the state's ending.
- the state 90 to 160 years old — ageBand 93

Open in the atlas

On the timeline, 1310 – 1423, with everything that stood beside it.
On the map in 1333, live: scrub the year and watch its borders move.
Investigate it: what led to it, what came of it, and its succession analysed.

Wikidata Q1124402 (CC0) · borders Cliopatria, CC BY 4.0 · coast and rivers Natural Earth · symbols from Wikimedia Commons, each credited above · data built 2026-10-06 · Pastlas v2.9.1, by Oleh Voronko. The published atlas and its data are for non-commercial use.