Caliphate of Córdoba

Where it sits in time

Five thousand years, 3000 BCE to 2026; the state in gold, what it replaced or followed and what replaced or followed it in grey.

Before and after

The states the record files it as replacing or following, and those that replaced or followed it - Wikidata's own statements, each read from this state's side.

How it ended, as its article says

Dissolved, 1031. Read from the article's section “lead” by its grammar; the claim is only that the article says so.

In 1031, after years of infighting, the caliphate collapsed and fractured into a number of independent Muslim taifa (kingdoms).

One sentence of the English Wikipedia article, CC BY-SA 4.0.

Rulers

The line of caliph of Córdoba - the office this state names as its head of state.

13 rulers, 12 with terms dated as terms, covering 929 – 1044. Median reign 2.5 years. 3 of 15 handovers irregular - a killing, a deposition, a rival claimant, a rising or a coup beside it. A blank in the last column means no kin on record, which is coverage, never “unrelated”.

Ground held, by year

km² inside its borders as the borders dataset draws them, measured on an equal-area grid; a step series, held between the years the dataset maps.

407,800 km² in 929, 14,900 km² in 1031; at its largest 564,500 km² in 999. Cliopatria, CC BY 4.0.

What happened within it, by century

Every row the atlas hosts under this state, by the century it began in: wars and battles in red, risings, regime changes and massacres beside them, everything else in grey. A tall bar is a century the record is full for, which is partly a fact about Wikipedia.

Among all states

Each measure against the states that carry it, never against all of them: a bar is the share of those states below this one.

• How long it stood102 years

  stood longer than 47% of 3,187 states with a recorded end or still standing.

• The most ground it held564,500 km²

  held more ground at its peak than 76% of 1,465 states with a border in Cliopatria.

• Wars recorded per century1.0

  had more wars on record per century than 93% of 3,187 states, counting the wars the atlas hosts under each.

• How long a reign lasted, at the median3 years

  had longer reigns, at the median, than 9% of 967 states whose dated line can carry a median.

• Rulers on record13

  has more rulers on record than 85% of 1,968 states with a line of rulers.

What led to it, and what came of it

The investigation's own picture: 2 causes the record names and 19 results, the strongest six of each at their own years, joined to the state by the kind of claim - a recorded statement solid, the article's sentence dashed, a theory dash-dot.

Open the investigation: every row with its evidence, the conditions at the time, the theories condition by condition, and the succession analysed.

Theories that apply to its ending

Of 3 theories of why states fall, 2 have every condition present at this ending; each is applied by its own logic, condition by condition, and whether its authors named this case is a footnote.

• Demographic-structural breakdown

  Goldstone 1991 · Turchin & Nefedov 2009

  Applies by its own logic: 2 of its 3 conditions held here (it needs 2), and this is the kind of outcome it predicts — unrest, adverse regime change or the state's ending.

  • overlapping reigns — rival claimants — within 20 y, or 3 or more changes of ruler within 20 y, or 2 or more reigns of two years or less within 20 y, or a monarch deposed or killed within 20 y — handovers 9; shortReigns 6
  • a war the state is fighting, still under way, or a war the state fought, ended within 10 y — warOngoing

• Dynastic cycle and the decay of group feeling

  Ibn Khaldun 1377 · Turchin & Nefedov 2009

  Applies by its own logic: the condition it names held here, and this is the kind of outcome it predicts — adverse regime change or the state's ending.

  • the state 90 to 160 years old — ageBand 102