Songhai Empire

Where it sits in time

Five thousand years, 3000 BCE to 2026; the state in gold, what it replaced or followed and what replaced or followed it in grey.

Before and after

The states the record files it as replacing or following, and those that replaced or followed it - Wikidata's own statements, each read from this state's side.

How it ended, as its article says

Dissolved, 1591. Read from the article's section “lead” by its grammar; the claim is only that the article says so.

The Songhai Empire collapsed after the defeat at the Battle of Tondibi in 1591.

One sentence of the English Wikipedia article, CC BY-SA 4.0.

Rulers

Read from the state’s own English article and its rulers’ articles, where Wikidata names no ruler.

9 rulers, 9 with terms dated as terms, covering 1464 – 1591. Median reign 3 years. 2 of 8 handovers irregular - a killing, a deposition, a rival claimant, a rising or a coup beside it. A blank in the last column means no kin on record, which is coverage, never “unrelated”.

Ground held, by year

km² inside its borders as the borders dataset draws them, measured on an equal-area grid; a step series, held between the years the dataset maps.

117,300 km² in 1464, 668,100 km² in 1591; at its largest 668,100 km² in 1564. Cliopatria, CC BY 4.0.

What happened within it, by century

Every row the atlas hosts under this state, by the century it began in: wars and battles in red, risings, regime changes and massacres beside them, everything else in grey. A tall bar is a century the record is full for, which is partly a fact about Wikipedia.

Among all states

Each measure against the states that carry it, never against all of them: a bar is the share of those states below this one.

• How long it stood127 years

  stood longer than 52% of 3,187 states with a recorded end or still standing.

• The most ground it held668,100 km²

  held more ground at its peak than 79% of 1,465 states with a border in Cliopatria.

• Wars recorded per centurynone

  had more wars on record per century than 44% of 3,187 states, counting the wars the atlas hosts under each.

• How long a reign lasted, at the median3 years

  had longer reigns, at the median, than 9% of 967 states whose dated line can carry a median.

• Rulers on record9

  has more rulers on record than 78% of 1,968 states with a line of rulers.

What led to it, and what came of it

The investigation's own picture: 2 causes the record names and 0 results, the strongest six of each at their own years, joined to the state by the kind of claim - a recorded statement solid, the article's sentence dashed, a theory dash-dot.

Open the investigation: every row with its evidence, the conditions at the time, the theories condition by condition, and the succession analysed.

Theories that apply to its ending

Of 3 theories of why states fall, 1 has every condition present at this ending; each is applied by its own logic, condition by condition, and whether its authors named this case is a footnote.

• Dynastic cycle and the decay of group feeling

  Ibn Khaldun 1377 · Turchin & Nefedov 2009

  Applies by its own logic: the condition it names held here, and this is the kind of outcome it predicts — adverse regime change or the state's ending.

  • the state 90 to 160 years old — ageBand 127