State · 1395 – 1797

Duchy of Milan

A state of 1395 – 1797 — 402 years in Europe. It replaced Cisalpine Republic and followed Golden Ambrosian Republic. It was followed by Transpadane Republic and province of Milan. The atlas records 28 things within it — wars and battles 10 · treaties 1 · people 17. Its line of rulers holds 10 people, 9 with dated terms. Its own article says it was dissolved.

For the full story, the article on Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0); this page holds what the record says of the state.

Stood: 402 years; 1395 – 1797
Rulers: 10; the Duke of Milan
Most ground: 42,700 km²; in 1422
Within it: 28; recorded rows
Symbols: 3; on record, with years

Map: Duchy of Milan in 1422, its borders in gold among its neighbours — Duchy of Milan in 1422, when it held the most ground the borders dataset draws for it: 42,700 km². Its neighbours wear their tints, as on the atlas's own map. Borders from Cliopatria (CC BY 4.0), coast and rivers from Natural Earth, cities from Reba, Reitsma & Seto 2016 (CC BY 4.0), each city under the name it bore that year.

Duchy of Milan in 1422, at its largest — The rise and the fall in one frame: the same ground at the years the borders dataset first maps it, maps it largest, and last maps it.

Duchy of Milan in 1526, last mapped — The rise and the fall in one frame: the same ground at the years the borders dataset first maps it, maps it largest, and last maps it.

Where it sits in time

Five thousand years, 3000 BCE to 2026; the state in gold, what it replaced or followed and what replaced or followed it in grey.

Before and after

The states the record files it as replacing or following, and those that replaced or followed it - Wikidata's own statements, each read from this state's side.

Before it

Golden Ambrosian Republic · follows · 1447 – 1450
Cisalpine Republic · replaces · 1797 – 1802

After it

province of Milan · followed by
Transpadane Republic · followed by · 1796 – 1797

How it ended, as its article says

Dissolved, 1796. Read from the article's section “lead” by its grammar; the claim is only that the article says so.

The duchy remained an Austrian possession until 1796 when a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte captured it in the War of the First Coalition, and it ceased to exist a year later as a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio, when Austria ceded it to the new Cisalpine Republic.

One sentence of the English Wikipedia article, CC BY-SA 4.0.

Rulers

The line of Duke of Milan - the office this state names as its head of state.

killed, executed or dead in battledied in officeleft alive by a regular roada second row: a reign that began before the last had ended — rival claimants, or a shared throne

Ruler	Reign	Length	How it ended · source	To the ruler before
Gian Galeazzo Visconti	1395 – 1402	7 years	died in office of natural causesWikidata's manner of death
Gian Maria Visconti	1402 – 1412	10 years	killedWikidata's manner of death	child
Filippo Maria Visconti	1412 – 1447	35 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	sibling
Francesco I Sforza	1450 – 1466	16 years	died in office of natural causesWikidata's manner of death	in-law
Galeazzo Maria Sforza	1466 – 1477	11 years	killedWikidata's manner of death	child
Gian Galeazzo Sforza	1476 – 1494	18 years	killed, the article saysread from the ruler's own article	child
Ludovico Sforza	1494 – 1500	6 years	left office aliveread off the dates alone	nephew or niece
Maximilian Sforza	1512 – 1515	3 years	left office aliveread off the dates alone	child
Francesco II Sforza	1521 – 1535	14 years	died in office, manner not recordedread off the dates alone	sibling

10 rulers, 9 with terms dated as terms, covering 1395 – 1535. Median reign 11 years. 3 of 8 handovers irregular - a killing, a deposition, a rival claimant, a rising or a coup beside it. A blank in the last column means no kin on record, which is coverage, never “unrelated”.

Ground held, by year

km² inside its borders as the borders dataset draws them, measured on an equal-area grid; a step series, held between the years the dataset maps.

37,300 km² in 1420, 35,200 km² in 1495; at its largest 37,300 km² in 1420. Cliopatria, CC BY 4.0.

Flags and arms, in order

Each symbol with the years its own statement gives; the timeline flies the one of the year on screen.

coat of arms, undatedCoat of arms of the Duchy of Milan (Sforza period) · CC BY-SA 4.0 · MostEpic
coat of arms, undatedCoat of Arms of Louis XII (Milan) · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Facquis
flag, undatedFlag of the Duchy of Milan (1450) · Public domain

What happened within it, by century

Every row the atlas hosts under this state, by the century it began in: wars and battles in red, risings, regime changes and massacres beside them, everything else in grey. A tall bar is a century the record is full for, which is partly a fact about Wikipedia.

1300 – 13993 rows

Gian Galeazzo Visconti · ruler · 1351 – 1402
Filippo Maria Visconti · ruler · 1392 – 1447
Gian Maria Visconti · ruler · 1388 – 1412

1400 – 149915 rows · 5 wars and battles

Ludovico Sforza · ruler · 1452 – 1508
Francesco I Sforza · ruler · 1401 – 1466
Gian Galeazzo Sforza · ruler · 1469 – 1494
Galeazzo Maria Sforza · ruler · 1444 – 1477
Maximilian Sforza · ruler · 1493 – 1530
Paolo Giovio · religious leader · 1483 – 1552
Francesco II Sforza · ruler · 1495 – 1535
Alfonso I d'Este · commander · 1476 – 1534

and 7 more in the atlas.

1500 – 15997 rows · 4 wars and battles

Caravaggio · artist · 1571 – 1610
Gerolamo Cardano · inventor · 1501 – 1576
Pope Gregory XIV · politician · 1535 – 1591
Battle of Pavia · battle · 1525
Battle of Bicocca · battle · 1522
Battle of Novara · battle · 1500
Battle of Landriano · battle · 1529

1600 – 16991 row · 1 wars and battles

Battle of Tornavento · battle · 1636

1700 – 17992 rows

Alessandro Volta · inventor · 1745 – 1827
Cesare Beccaria · philosopher · 1738 – 1794

Among all states

Each measure against the states that carry it, never against all of them: a bar is the share of those states below this one.

How long it stood402 years
stood longer than 81% of 3,187 states with a recorded end or still standing.
The most ground it held42,700 km²
held more ground at its peak than 32% of 1,465 states with a border in Cliopatria.
Wars recorded per century0.2
had more wars on record per century than 90% of 3,187 states, counting the wars the atlas hosts under each.
How long a reign lasted, at the median11 years
had longer reigns, at the median, than 38% of 967 states whose dated line can carry a median.
Rulers on record10
has more rulers on record than 80% of 1,968 states with a line of rulers.

What led to it, and what came of it

The investigation's own picture: 0 causes the record names and 2 results, the strongest six of each at their own years, joined to the state by the kind of claim - a recorded statement solid, the article's sentence dashed, a theory dash-dot.

linked

Open the investigation: every row with its evidence, the conditions at the time, the theories condition by condition, and the succession analysed.

Open in the atlas

On the timeline, 1355 – 1837, with everything that stood beside it.
On the map in 1422, live: scrub the year and watch its borders move.
Investigate it: what led to it, what came of it, and its succession analysed.

Wikidata Q153529 (CC0) · borders Cliopatria, CC BY 4.0 · coast and rivers Natural Earth · symbols from Wikimedia Commons, each credited above · one sentence of the English Wikipedia article, CC BY-SA 4.0 · data built 2026-10-06 · Pastlas v2.9.1, by Oleh Voronko. The published atlas and its data are for non-commercial use.