Rulers
8,360 rulers with a page of their own, of the 22,392 people the atlas holds: everyone a state's line dates a term of, from 3000 BCE to the present. Each page holds the reign with its years and length, how it began and ended and where that is known from, and the rulers before and after in the line, with the ruler's own cell ringed in gold. By the region of the state they ruled, the best known first; every ruler of a state is on the state's own page, under States.
Europe3,631 rulers
- Adolf Hitler 1889 – 1945German Reich
- Vladimir Putin 1952 – presentRussia
- Vladimir Lenin 1870 – 1924Russian Empire
- Napoleon 1769 – 1821French Consulate
- Julius Caesar 100 – 44 BCEAncient Rome
- Joseph Stalin 1878 – 1953Russian Empire
- Alexander the Great 356 – 323 BCEMacedonia
- Elizabeth II 1926 – 2022United Kingdom
- Augustus 63 BCE – 14 CEAncient Rome
- Pope Francis 1936 – 2025Vatican City
- Charles de Gaulle 1890 – 1970French Third Republic
- Otto von Bismarck 1815 – 1898Prussia
- François Hollande 1954 – presentFrench Fourth Republic
- Volodymyr Zelenskyy 1978 – presentUkraine
- Pope John Paul II 1920 – 2005Vatican City
- Cicero 107 – 43 BCEAncient Rome
- Mikhail Gorbachev 1931 – 2022Soviet Union
- Benito Mussolini 1883 – 1945Kingdom of Italy
- Pope Benedict XVI 1927 – 2022Vatican City
- Emmanuel Macron 1977 – presentFrench Fifth Republic
- Nicolas Sarkozy 1955 – presentFrench Fourth Republic
- Elizabeth I 1533 – 1603Kingdom of England
- Charlemagne 747 – 814Francia
- Muammar Gaddafi 1942 – 2011Nazi Germany
- Louis XIV 1638 – 1715Kingdom of France
- Peter the Great 1672 – 1725Tsardom of Russia
- Marcus Aurelius 121 – 180Ancient Rome
- Charles III 1948 – presentUnited Kingdom
- Lech Wałęsa 1943 – presentPoland
- Queen Victoria 1819 – 1901United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
- Pope Leo XIV 1955 – presentVatican City
- Nikita Khrushchev 1894 – 1971Russian Empire
- Dmitry Medvedev 1965 – presentRussia
- Boris Yeltsin 1931 – 2007Russia
- Jacques Chirac 1932 – 2019French Third Republic
- Alexander Lukashenko 1954 – presentBelarus
Middle East and North Africa1,482 rulers
- Muhammad 571 – 632First Islamic state
- Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1881 – 1938Turkey
- Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 1954 – presentTurkey
- Cleopatra 69 – 30 BCEAncient Egypt
- Saddam Hussein 1937 – 2006Iraq
- Ali Khamenei 1939 – presentIran
- Timur 1336 – 1405Timurid Empire
- Saladin 1138 – 1193Seljuk Empire
- Yasser Arafat 1929 – 2004Palestine
- Suleiman the Magnificent 1494 – 1566Ottoman Empire
- Umar ibn Al-Khattāb 586 – 644Rashidun Caliphate
- Ali 599 – 661Rashidun Caliphate
- Cyrus the Great 600 – 530 BCEMedian kingdom
- Bashar al-Assad 1965 – presentSyria
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 1956 – presentIran
- Solomon 990 – 931 BCEKingdom of Israel (united monarchy)
- Hosni Mubarak 1928 – 2020Egypt
- David Ben-Gurion 1886 – 1973Israel
- Ruhollah Khomeini 1902 – 1989Iran
- David 1039 – 969 BCEKingdom of Israel (united monarchy)
- Ilham Aliyev 1961 – presentAzerbaijan
- Abu Bakr 573 – 634Rashidun Caliphate
- Gamal Abdel Nasser 1918 – 1970United Arab Republic
- Shimon Peres 1923 – 2016Israel
- Hammurabi 1810 – 1750 BCEBabylonia
- Anwar Sadat 1918 – 1981Egypt
- Hassan Rouhani 1948 – presentIran
- Mehmed II 1432 – 1481Ottoman Empire
- Justinian I 483 – 565Byzantine Empire
- Mohamed Morsi 1951 – 2019Egypt
- Haile Selassie 1892 – 1975Ethiopian Empire
- Abdullah Gül 1950 – presentTurkey
- Tutankhamun 1343 – 1324 BCEAncient Egypt
- Mohammad Khatami 1943 – presentIran
- Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1919 – 1980Persian Empire
- Abdullah II of Jordan 1962 – presentJordan
Sub-Saharan Africa401 rulers
- Nelson Mandela 1918 – 2013South Africa
- Kwame Nkrumah 1909 – 1972Ghana
- Robert Mugabe 1924 – 2019Zimbabwe
- Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 1938 – presentLiberia
- Idi Amin 1925 – 2003Uganda
- Thabo Mbeki 1942 – presentSouth Africa
- Jacob Zuma 1942 – presentSouth Africa
- Shaka Zulu 1787 – 1828Zulu Kingdom
- Cyril Ramaphosa 1952 – presentSouth Africa
- Muhammadu Buhari 1942 – 2025Nigeria
- Paul Kagame 1957 – presentRwanda
- George Weah 1966 – presentLiberia
- Mobutu Sese Seko 1930 – 1997Zaire
- Jomo Kenyatta 1893 – 1978Kenya
- Julius Nyerere 1922 – 1999Tanzania
- Yoweri Museveni 1944 – presentUganda
- Mansa Musa 1280 – 1337Mali Empire
- Jean-Bédel Bokassa 1921 – 1996Central African Republic
- Mswati III 1968 – presentEswatini
- Joseph Kabila 1971 – presentDemocratic Republic of the Congo
- Sahle-Work Zewde 1950 – presentEthiopia
- Hastings Banda 1890 – 1997Malawi
- Paul Biya 1933 – presentCameroon
- Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo 1942 – presentEquatorial Guinea
- John Mahama 1958 – presentGhana
- Alassane Ouattara 1942 – presentIvory Coast
- Denis Sassou Nguesso 1943 – presentRepublic of the Congo
- Ali Bongo 1959 – presentGabon
- Samia Suluhu Hassan 1960 – presentTanzania
- Omar Bongo 1935 – 2009Gabon
- Emmerson Mnangagwa 1942 – presentZimbabwe
- Pierre Nkurunziza 1964 – 2020Burundi
- Nana Akufo-Addo 1944 – presentGhana
- Kenneth Kaunda 1924 – 2021Zambia
- John Atta Mills 1944 – 2012Ghana
- Salva Kiir 1951 – presentSouth Sudan
South Asia457 rulers
- Ashoka 304 – 232 BCEMaurya Empire
- 14th Dalai Lama 1935 – presentTibet
- Akbar 1542 – 1605Mughal Empire
- Pervez Musharraf 1943 – 2023Pakistan
- Nursultan Nazarbayev 1940 – presentKazakhstan
- George V 1865 – 1936British Raj
- Hamid Karzai 1957 – presentIslamic Republic of Afghanistan
- Babur 1483 – 1531Mughal Empire
- Shah Jahan 1592 – 1666Mughal Empire
- A. P. J. Abdul Kalam 1931 – 2015India
- Pranab Mukherjee 1935 – 2020India
- Shavkat Mirziyoyev 1957 – presentUzbekistan
- Aurangzeb 1618 – 1707Mughal Empire
- Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck 1980 – presentBhutan
- Islam Karimov 1938 – 2016Uzbekistan
- Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 1920 – 1975Bangladesh
- Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1928 – 1979Pakistan
- Droupadi Murmu 1958 – presentIndia
- Pratibha Patil 1934 – presentIndia
- Asif Ali Zardari 1955 – presentPakistan
- Ashraf Ghani 1949 – presentIslamic Republic of Afghanistan
- Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 1953 – presentKazakhstan
- Emomali Rahmon 1952 – presentTajikistan
- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 1888 – 1975India
- Chandragupta Maurya 340 – 297 BCEMaurya Empire
- Ram Nath Kovind 1945 – presentIndia
- Rajendra Prasad 1884 – 1963India
- Bidya Devi Bhandari 1961 – presentNepal
- Jahangir I 1569 – 1627Mughal Empire
- Humayun 1508 – 1556Mughal Empire
- Batu Khan 1205 – 1256White Horde
- Dzhokhar Dudayev 1944 – 1996Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
- Almazbek Atambayev 1956 – presentKyrgyzstan
- Roza Otunbayeva 1950 – presentKyrgyzstan
- Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 1924 – 1988Pakistan
- Hibatullah Akhundzada 1967 – presentAfghanistan
East and Southeast Asia1,082 rulers
- Mao Zedong 1893 – 1976People's Republic of China
- Genghis Khan 1162 – 1227Mongol Empire
- Qin Shi Huang 259 – 210 BCEQin
- Xi Jinping 1953 – presentPeople's Republic of China
- Naruhito 1960 – presentJapan
- Kim Jong Un 1982 – presentNorth Korea
- Kim Il Sung 1912 – 1994North Korea
- Hirohito 1901 – 1989Empire of Japan
- Ho Chi Minh 1890 – 1969French Indochina
- Sun Yat-sen 1866 – 1925Republic of China
- Bhumibol Adulyadej 1927 – 2016Thailand
- Chiang Kai-shek 1887 – 1975Taiwan
- Kim Jong Il 1941 – 2011North Korea
- Ferdinand Marcos 1917 – 1989Philippines
- Deng Xiaoping 1904 – 1997Qing dynasty
- Pol Pot 1925 – 1998French Indochina
- Akihito 1933 – presentJapan
- Sukarno 1901 – 1970Indonesia
- Hu Jintao 1942 – presentPeople's Republic of China
- Joko Widodo 1961 – presentIndonesia
- Suharto 1921 – 2008Indonesia
- Tsai Ing-wen 1956 – presentTaiwan
- Rodrigo Duterte 1945 – presentPhilippines
- Corazon Aquino 1933 – 2009Philippines
- Kublai Khan 1215 – 1294Yuan dynasty
- Vajiralongkorn 1952 – presentThailand
- Park Geun-hye 1952 – presentSouth Korea
- Moon Jae-in 1953 – presentSouth Korea
- Jiang Zemin 1926 – 2022People's Republic of China
- Park Chung Hee 1917 – 1979South Korea
- Megawati Sukarnoputri 1947 – presentIndonesia
- Emperor Meiji 1852 – 1912
- Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 1949 – presentIndonesia
- Kim Dae-jung 1924 – 2009South Korea
- Hassanal Bolkiah 1946 – presentBrunei
- Norodom Sihanouk 1922 – 2012Democratic Kampuchea
Americas and Oceania1,166 rulers
- Barack Obama 1961 – presentUnited States
- Donald Trump 1946 – presentUnited States
- Ronald Reagan 1911 – 2004United States
- Abraham Lincoln 1809 – 1865United States
- George W. Bush 1946 – presentUnited States
- Joe Biden 1942 – presentUnited States
- George Washington 1732 – 1799United States
- John F. Kennedy 1917 – 1963United States
- Franklin D. Roosevelt 1882 – 1945United States
- Thomas Jefferson 1743 – 1826United States
- Bill Clinton 1946 – presentUnited States
- Jimmy Carter 1924 – 2024United States
- Harry S. Truman 1884 – 1972United States
- George H. W. Bush 1924 – 2018United States
- Theodore Roosevelt 1858 – 1919United States
- Dwight D. Eisenhower 1890 – 1969United States
- Woodrow Wilson 1856 – 1924United States
- Richard Nixon 1913 – 1994United States
- John Adams 1735 – 1826United States
- Hugo Chávez 1954 – 2013Venezuela
- James Madison 1751 – 1836United States
- Simón Bolívar 1783 – 1830Gran Colombia
- Gerald Ford 1913 – 2006United States
- Lyndon B. Johnson 1908 – 1973United States
- Rafael Correa 1963 – presentEcuador
- John Quincy Adams 1767 – 1848United States
- Andrew Jackson 1767 – 1845United States
- Herbert Hoover 1874 – 1964United States
- Calvin Coolidge 1872 – 1933United States
- Ulysses S. Grant 1822 – 1885United States
- Guillermo Lasso 1955 – presentEcuador
- James Monroe 1758 – 1831United States
- Jair Bolsonaro 1955 – presentBrazil
- Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 1945 – presentBrazil
- James A. Garfield 1831 – 1881United States
- William Howard Taft 1857 – 1930United States
Location unknown141 rulers
- Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 1971 – 2019Territory of the Islamic State
- Theodoric I 393 – 451
- Childeric I 436 – 481
- Chlodomer 495 – 524
- Deioces 706 – 675 BCE
- Carloman of Bavaria 830 – 880
- Herod Agrippa 10 BCE – 44 CE
- Mieszko II Lambert 990 – 1034
- Euric 420 – 484
- Pepin of Italy 777 – 810
- Theuderic II 587 – 613
- Attalus I 269 – 197 BCE
- Eumenes II 221 – 159 BCE
- Alboin 530 – 572
- Kubrat 584 – 665
- Yesugei 1134 – 1171Khamag Mongol
- Mursili I 1701 – 1590 BCE
- Alyattes of Lydia 640 – 560 BCE
- Attalus II Philadelphus 220 – 138 BCE
- Stefan Milutin 1253 – 1321
- Leopold VI of Austria 1176 – 1230
- Suleiman ibn Qutalmish 1041 – 1086
- Abu'l-Khayr Khan 1412 – 1468
- Nicomedes IV of Bithynia 201 – 74 BCE
- Raymond III of Tripoli 1140 – 1187
- Rudolph II of Burgundy 880 – 937
- Joscelin II of Edessa 1113 – 1159
- Constance of Antioch 1127 – 1163
- Pharnaces II of Pontus 95 – 47 BCE
- Eumenes I 251 – 241 BCE
- Bohemond III of Antioch 1144 – 1201
- Bilge Qaghan 683 – 734
- Stefan Uroš V 1337 – 1371
- Eumenes III 201 – 129 BCE
- Pharnaces I of Pontus 301 – 159 BCE
- Mithridates V Euergetes 201 – 120 BCE