{
 "note": "The atlas's own causal claims. `sources` is GENERATED at build from the files this atlas already holds - what Wikidata joins, what the article says, what a measurement records, what the dates allow - so a claim shows every source and their disagreement rather than one person's reading. A `silent` source is a disagreement too, and the commonest.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-thera-minoan",
   "cause": "Q1144693",
   "effect": "Q134178",
   "aspect": "end",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "contested",
   "summary": "The eruption of Thera is argued to have begun the disruption that ended Minoan Crete, and argued against on the grounds that the palaces fell far too long afterwards.",
   "note": "The eruption's own date is disputed: radiocarbon puts it near 1600 BCE and the archaeological synchronisms nearer 1500, and the atlas uses Wikidata's. A reader comparing the gap to the literature should know which end they are measuring from.",
   "gap": 501,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No sentence in the article reads as causal here."
    },
    {
     "source": "NOAA NCEI",
     "stance": "measures",
     "says": "NOAA NCEI records it at -1610, where the atlas has -1601 · VEI 7."
    },
    {
     "source": "eVolv2k / HolVol v1.1 (Sigl & Toohey 2024)",
     "stance": "against",
     "says": "Carries no eruption identified as Minoan eruption. Its largest signal within forty years is 52.0 Tg at -1628, attributed to Aniakchak II (Alaska)."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "against",
     "says": "Minoan eruption is dated -1601 and the end of Minoan civilization -1100: a gap of 501 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-blackdeath-peasants",
   "cause": "Q42005",
   "effect": "Q498871",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The Black Death made labour scarce, and the lords' attempt to hold wages and services down by statute is the long-term grievance historians put behind the rising of 1381.",
   "gap": 35,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "R. B. Dobson (ed.) 1970, The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, Macmillan",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Frames the rising with the post-plague labour legislation and the tensions it created between lords and a depleted labour force.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Rodney Hilton 1973, Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381, Temple Smith",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Argues that the seigneurial reaction to the labour shortage after 1348-49 is the root of the rising.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No sentence in the article reads as causal here."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Black Death is dated 1346 and the onset of Peasants' Revolt 1381: a gap of 35 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-hyw-peasants",
   "cause": "Q12551",
   "effect": "Q498871",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "accelerant",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The cost of the war with France, raised through the poll taxes of 1377-81, is the precipitant historians give for the rising.",
   "gap": 44,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "R. B. Dobson (ed.) 1970, The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, Macmillan",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Shows the third poll tax of 1380-81, levied to pay for the war, as the immediate occasion of the revolt.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Alastair Dunn 2002, The Great Rising of 1381, Tempus",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Ties the rising to war taxation and to the government's failures in the war with France.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No sentence in the article reads as causal here."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Hundred Years' War is dated 1337 and the onset of Peasants' Revolt 1381: a gap of 44 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-sevenyears-american",
   "cause": "Q33143",
   "effect": "Q192769",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "Victory in the Seven Years' War left Britain with a debt and an empire it tried to pay for and govern from London, and the colonists' resistance to that reorganisation is where historians begin the American Revolution.",
   "gap": 7,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Fred Anderson 2000, Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766, Knopf",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Argues that the war and the imperial reforms that followed it set the course toward revolution.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Gordon S. Wood 2002, The American Revolution: A History, Modern Library",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Opens the revolution with the post-1763 attempts to tax and reorganise the colonies.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No sentence in the article reads as causal here."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Seven Years' War is dated 1756 and the onset of American Revolution 1763: a gap of 7 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-americanwar-french",
   "cause": "Q40949",
   "effect": "Q6534",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "France's intervention in the American war deepened the crown's debt, and the fiscal crisis that followed is the precondition historians of every school give for 1789.",
   "gap": 14,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "William Doyle 1980, Origins of the French Revolution, Oxford University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Places the monarchy's fiscal collapse, worsened by the American war, at the start of the crisis of 1787-89.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Simon Schama 1989, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution, Knopf",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Traces the government's bankruptcy through the cost of the American war.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No sentence in the article reads as causal here."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "American Revolutionary War is dated 1775 and the onset of French Revolution 1789: a gap of 14 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-french-haitian",
   "cause": "Q6534",
   "effect": "Q689128",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The French Revolution's language of rights, and the political crisis it opened in the colony, are what historians put behind the Haitian Revolution.",
   "gap": 2,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "C. L. R. James 1938, The Black Jacobins, Secker & Warburg",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Reads the Saint-Domingue revolution in tandem with the revolution in France.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Laurent Dubois 2004, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution, Harvard University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Shows how the revolutionary crisis in France opened the struggle in the colony.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No sentence in the article reads as causal here."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "French Revolution is dated 1789 and the onset of Haitian Revolution 1791: a gap of 2 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-peninsular-spanishamerica",
   "cause": "Q152499",
   "effect": "Q1123201",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "trigger",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "Napoleon's invasion of Spain and the fall of the Bourbon monarchy in 1808 left the American colonies without a legitimate king, which historians treat as the trigger of the wars of independence.",
   "gap": 0,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "John Lynch 1973, The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826, Norton",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Makes the crisis of the Spanish monarchy in 1808 the occasion of independence.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Jaime E. Rodriguez O. 1998, The Independence of Spanish America, Cambridge University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Begins independence with the collapse of the monarchy in 1808 and the constitutional politics that followed.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 1 causal sentence and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Peninsular War is dated 1808 and the onset of Spanish American wars of independence 1808: a gap of 0 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-russojapanese-1905",
   "cause": "Q159950",
   "effect": "Q184928",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "accelerant",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "Defeat by Japan discredited the autocracy and strained the country, and historians treat the war as the accelerant of the revolution of 1905.",
   "gap": 1,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Abraham Ascher 1988, The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray, Stanford University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Shows the war's defeats deepening the crisis that broke in 1905.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No sentence in the article reads as causal here."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Russo-Japanese War is dated 1904 and the onset of Russian Revolution of 1905 1905: a gap of 1 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-1905-1917",
   "cause": "Q184928",
   "effect": "Q8729",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The revolution of 1905 created the soviets, the parties and the constitutional half-measures that the revolution of 1917 inherited.",
   "gap": 12,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Abraham Ascher 1988, The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray, Stanford University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Treats 1905 as the prelude whose unresolved conflicts returned in 1917.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Orlando Figes 1996, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924, Jonathan Cape",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Reads 1905 as the first act of the revolution completed in 1917.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Joins them: followed by, follows."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 1 causal sentence and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Russian Revolution of 1905 is dated 1905 and the onset of Russian Revolution 1917: a gap of 12 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-ww1-russian",
   "cause": "Q361",
   "effect": "Q8729",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "accelerant",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The strain of the First World War - military defeat, inflation and the breakdown of supply - is the accelerant historians give for the revolution of 1917.",
   "gap": 3,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Orlando Figes 1996, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924, Jonathan Cape",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Argues that the war turned a crisis of the old regime into its collapse.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Sheila Fitzpatrick 1982, The Russian Revolution, Oxford University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Places the war's strains at the centre of the February Revolution.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Joins them: effect."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia, Russian_Revolution",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "It can be seen as the precursor for other revolutions that occurred in the aftermath of World War I, such as the German Revolution of 1918–1919."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "World War I is dated 1914 and the onset of Russian Revolution 1917: a gap of 3 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-russian-civilwar",
   "cause": "Q8729",
   "effect": "Q79911",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "trigger",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The Bolshevik seizure of power and the opposition it provoked are the trigger of the civil war.",
   "gap": 0,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Evan Mawdsley 1987, The Russian Civil War, Allen & Unwin",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Begins the civil war with the resistance to the Bolshevik seizure of power.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Orlando Figes 1996, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924, Jonathan Cape",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Treats the civil war as the continuation of the revolution by other means.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 2 causal sentences and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Russian Revolution is dated 1917 and the onset of Russian Civil War 1917: a gap of 0 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-ww1-germanrevolution",
   "cause": "Q361",
   "effect": "Q170306",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "Military defeat and war-weariness in 1918 are what historians put behind the German revolution.",
   "gap": 4,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Eric D. Weitz 2007, Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy, Princeton University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Opens the republic with the defeat and the revolution it produced.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Richard J. Evans 2003, The Coming of the Third Reich, Allen Lane",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Traces the revolution of 1918 to the collapse of the war effort.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No sentence in the article reads as causal here."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "World War I is dated 1914 and the onset of German revolution of 1918–1919 1918: a gap of 4 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-germanrevolution-weimar",
   "cause": "Q170306",
   "effect": "Q41304",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "trigger",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The revolution of November 1918 brought down the monarchy and produced the Weimar Republic.",
   "gap": 0,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Eric D. Weitz 2007, Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy, Princeton University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Treats the revolution as the founding act of the republic.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 1 causal sentence and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "German revolution of 1918–1919 is dated 1918 and the onset of Weimar Republic 1918: a gap of 0 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-versailles-nazi",
   "cause": "Q8736",
   "effect": "Q7318",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "contested",
   "summary": "The Treaty of Versailles is often blamed for the resentment and economic strain the Nazis exploited; historians of the peace have argued that the blame is overstated.",
   "gap": 14,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "John Maynard Keynes 1919, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, Macmillan",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Warned that the terms would ruin Germany's economy and destabilise Europe.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Margaret MacMillan 2001, Peacemakers: The Paris Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War, John Murray",
     "stance": "against",
     "says": "Argues that the treaty is wrongly held responsible for the rise of Hitler and the Second World War.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Sally Marks 1978, The Myths of Reparations, Central European History 11(3)",
     "stance": "against",
     "says": "Argues that reparations were far less crushing than their reputation.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 1 causal sentence and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Treaty of Versailles is dated 1919 and the onset of Nazi Germany 1933: a gap of 14 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-francoprussian-germanempire",
   "cause": "Q46083",
   "effect": "Q43287",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "trigger",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "Victory over France in 1870-71 brought the southern German states into a Prussian-led empire, proclaimed at Versailles.",
   "gap": 1,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Michael Howard 1961, The Franco-Prussian War, Rupert Hart-Davis",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Shows the war completing German unification under Prussia.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Geoffrey Wawro 2003, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870-1871, Cambridge University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Treats the war as the making of the German Empire.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Joins them: participant."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 4 causal sentences and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Franco-Prussian War is dated 1870 and the onset of German Empire 1871: a gap of 1 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-francoprussian-commune",
   "cause": "Q46083",
   "effect": "Q133132",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "trigger",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "Defeat, the siege of Paris and the armistice terms are the occasion historians give for the Paris Commune.",
   "gap": 1,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Robert Tombs 1999, The Paris Commune 1871, Longman",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Places the Commune in the aftermath of the siege and the defeat.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No sentence in the article reads as causal here."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Franco-Prussian War is dated 1870 and the onset of Paris Commune 1871: a gap of 1 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-balkanwars-ww1",
   "cause": "Q165725",
   "effect": "Q361",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The Balkan Wars redrew south-eastern Europe, emboldened Serbia and alarmed Austria-Hungary, which historians put among the preconditions of 1914.",
   "gap": 2,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Christopher Clark 2012, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914, Allen Lane",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Makes the Balkan crises of 1912-13 central to the road to war.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Margaret MacMillan 2013, The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914, Profile Books",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Treats the Balkan Wars as a rehearsal that hardened the alliances.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No sentence in the article reads as causal here."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Balkan Wars is dated 1912 and the onset of World War I 1914: a gap of 2 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-huns-westrome",
   "cause": "Q10295972",
   "effect": "Q42834",
   "aspect": "end",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "contested",
   "summary": "The Huns' westward pressure drove Goths and others across the frontier and set off the chain that ended the western empire - an argument others answer by pointing to Rome's own politics.",
   "gap": 160,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Peter Heather 2005, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History, Macmillan",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Argues that the Hunnic impact on the barbarian world was the exogenous shock that brought the western empire down.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Guy Halsall 2007, Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376-568, Cambridge University Press",
     "stance": "against",
     "says": "Puts the weight on Roman internal politics, with barbarian groups drawn into Roman crises rather than driving them.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Walter Goffart 1980, Barbarians and Romans, A.D. 418-584: The Techniques of Accommodation, Princeton University Press",
     "stance": "against",
     "says": "Reads the settlement of the barbarians as accommodation within the Roman system rather than conquest.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 1 causal sentence and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "History of the Huns is dated 316 and the end of Western Roman Empire 476: a gap of 160 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-adrianople-westrome",
   "cause": "Q192473",
   "effect": "Q42834",
   "aspect": "end",
   "role": "accelerant",
   "standing": "contested",
   "summary": "The Gothic victory at Adrianople in 378 left an undefeated barbarian army inside the empire, which one school treats as the beginning of the end in the West.",
   "gap": 98,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Peter Heather 2005, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History, Macmillan",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Treats Adrianople and the Gothic settlement that followed as the first step in the western collapse.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Guy Halsall 2007, Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376-568, Cambridge University Press",
     "stance": "against",
     "says": "Argues against reading the fifth-century collapse back from a single defeat.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 1 causal sentence and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Battle of Adrianople is dated 378 and the end of Western Roman Empire 476: a gap of 98 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-antonine-crisis",
   "cause": "Q599141",
   "effect": "Q329838",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "contested",
   "summary": "The Antonine Plague is argued to have begun the demographic and fiscal weakening behind the third-century crisis, and argued to have left far less trace than that.",
   "gap": 70,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Kyle Harper 2017, The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire, Princeton University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Makes the Antonine Plague the first great blow in an environmental account of Rome's decline.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Christer Bruun 2007, The Antonine Plague and the 'Third-Century Crisis', in Hekster et al. (eds), Crises and the Roman Empire, Brill",
     "stance": "against",
     "says": "Argues that the evidence for a demographic catastrophe is weak.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 4 causal sentences and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Antonine Plague is dated 165 and the onset of Crisis of the Third Century 235: a gap of 70 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-fourthcrusade-byzantium",
   "cause": "Q51656",
   "effect": "Q12544",
   "aspect": "end",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The sack of Constantinople in 1204 broke the empire into rival successor states, and the restored empire never recovered the strength to hold off the Ottomans.",
   "gap": 251,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Donald M. Nicol 1972, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453, Rupert Hart-Davis",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Treats the damage of 1204 as the starting point of the empire's terminal weakness.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Jonathan Harris 2003, Byzantium and the Crusades, Hambledon and London",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Shows the Fourth Crusade as the blow from which Byzantium did not recover.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 1 causal sentence and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Fourth Crusade is dated 1202 and the end of Byzantine Empire 1453: a gap of 251 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-manzikert-rum",
   "cause": "Q200032",
   "effect": "Q975405",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "Byzantine defeat at Manzikert opened Anatolia to Turkish settlement, on which the Sultanate of Rum was founded.",
   "gap": 6,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Speros Vryonis 1971, The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor, University of California Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Traces the Turkish settlement of Anatolia from the aftermath of Manzikert.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Carole Hillenbrand 2007, Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The Battle of Manzikert, Edinburgh University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Examines Manzikert as the opening of Anatolia to the Turks, and the myth made of it.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 1 causal sentence and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Battle of Manzikert is dated 1071 and the onset of Sultanate of Rum 1077: a gap of 6 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-thirdfitna-abbasidrev",
   "cause": "Q20007932",
   "effect": "Q5933860",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The Umayyads' own civil war of the 740s divided the dynasty and its armies and opened the way for the Abbasid movement.",
   "gap": 2,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Hugh Kennedy 1986, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, Longman",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Sets the Abbasid revolution in the collapse of Umayyad unity in the 740s.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "G. R. Hawting 1986, The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750, Croom Helm",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Treats the third civil war as the prelude to the dynasty's fall.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Joins them: followed by."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No sentence in the article reads as causal here."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Third Fitna is dated 744 and the onset of Abbasid revolution 746: a gap of 2 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-abbasidrev-umayyad",
   "cause": "Q5933860",
   "effect": "Q8575586",
   "aspect": "end",
   "role": "trigger",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The Abbasid revolution overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750.",
   "gap": 4,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Hugh Kennedy 1986, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, Longman",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Narrates the fall of the Umayyads to the Abbasid armies from Khurasan.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "G. R. Hawting 1986, The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750, Croom Helm",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Ends the dynasty with the Abbasid revolution.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Joins them: country."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No sentence in the article reads as causal here."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Abbasid revolution is dated 746 and the end of Umayyad Caliphate 750: a gap of 4 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-baghdad-abbasid",
   "cause": "Q369560",
   "effect": "Q12536",
   "aspect": "end",
   "role": "trigger",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258 and the killing of the caliph ended the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad.",
   "gap": 0,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Hugh Kennedy 1986, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, Longman",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Ends the Baghdad caliphate with the Mongol conquest of 1258.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Joins them: country, participant."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 1 causal sentence and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Siege of Baghdad is dated 1258 and the end of Abbasid Caliphate 1258: a gap of 0 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-yellowturban-han",
   "cause": "Q751743",
   "effect": "Q7209",
   "aspect": "end",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The Yellow Turban rising of 184 forced the court to arm regional commanders, whose power outlasted the rebellion and divided the empire.",
   "gap": 36,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Mark Edward Lewis 2007, The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han, Harvard University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Places the rise of the warlords after the Yellow Turbans at the end of the Han.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Rafe de Crespigny 2016, Fire over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty, 23-220 AD, Brill",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Traces the dynasty's collapse through the rebellions of the 180s and the militarisation that followed.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Joins them: country."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 2 causal sentences and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Yellow Turban Rebellion is dated 184 and the end of Han dynasty 220: a gap of 36 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-anlushan-tang",
   "cause": "Q253774",
   "effect": "Q9683",
   "aspect": "end",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The An Lushan rebellion broke the Tang state's hold on the provinces, and the autonomous military governors it left behind are the long-term cause historians give for the dynasty's end.",
   "gap": 152,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Mark Edward Lewis 2009, China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty, Harvard University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Treats the rebellion as the turning point after which the Tang never regained central control.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Denis Twitchett (ed.) 1979, The Cambridge History of China, vol. 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589-906, Cambridge University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Divides the dynasty's history at the rebellion and traces its decline from it.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Joins them: country."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No sentence in the article reads as causal here."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "An Lushan rebellion is dated 755 and the end of Tang dynasty 907: a gap of 152 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-huangchao-tang",
   "cause": "Q620621",
   "effect": "Q9683",
   "aspect": "end",
   "role": "accelerant",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "Huang Chao's rebellion devastated the Tang heartland and its capitals, and historians treat it as the blow that finished the dynasty.",
   "gap": 32,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Mark Edward Lewis 2009, China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty, Harvard University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Treats the rebellion of the 870s-880s as the end of Tang power in all but name.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Denis Twitchett (ed.) 1979, The Cambridge History of China, vol. 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589-906, Cambridge University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Narrates the dynasty's final collapse from Huang Chao's rising.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Joins them: country."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No sentence in the article reads as causal here."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Huang Chao Rebellion is dated 875 and the end of Tang dynasty 907: a gap of 32 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-redturban-yuan",
   "cause": "Q112524",
   "effect": "Q7313",
   "aspect": "end",
   "role": "trigger",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The Red Turban rebellions of the 1350s broke Yuan rule in the south, and out of them came the Ming founder who drove the Mongols from China.",
   "gap": 17,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Frederick W. Mote 1999, Imperial China 900-1800, Harvard University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Traces the fall of the Yuan through the rebellions that produced Zhu Yuanzhang.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Timothy Brook 2010, The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Harvard University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Sets the end of the Yuan in the rebellions and the natural disasters of the 1340s-60s.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Joins them: country."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 1 causal sentence and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Red Turban Rebellions is dated 1351 and the end of Yuan dynasty 1368: a gap of 17 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-manchu-ming",
   "cause": "Q3427966",
   "effect": "Q9903",
   "aspect": "end",
   "role": "accelerant",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The long Manchu war drained the Ming treasury and army while rebellion spread at home, and historians give the two together for the dynasty's fall in 1644.",
   "gap": 28,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Frederic Wakeman Jr. 1985, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, University of California Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Shows the Ming caught between the Manchu advance and internal rebellion.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Geoffrey Parker 2013, Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century, Yale University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Adds the climate of the Little Ice Age to war and rebellion in the fall of the Ming.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 2 causal sentences and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Transition from Ming to Qing is dated 1616 and the end of Ming dynasty 1644: a gap of 28 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-opium-taiping",
   "cause": "Q191282",
   "effect": "Q192408",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The disorder the Opium War left in south China - disbanded militias, unemployment and a discredited state - is the ground historians give for the Taiping rising.",
   "gap": 11,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Frederic Wakeman Jr. 1966, Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South China, 1839-1861, University of California Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Traces the social disorder in Guangdong after the Opium War that fed the Taiping movement.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Jonathan D. Spence 1996, God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan, Norton",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Sets Hong Xiuquan's movement in the world of the treaty ports after the war.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No sentence in the article reads as causal here."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "First Opium War is dated 1839 and the onset of Taiping Rebellion 1850: a gap of 11 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-taiping-qing",
   "cause": "Q192408",
   "effect": "Q8733",
   "aspect": "end",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "Suppressing the Taiping shifted military and fiscal power from the court to provincial leaders, a devolution historians trace to the dynasty's end in 1912.",
   "gap": 62,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Philip A. Kuhn 1970, Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China: Militarization and Social Structure, 1796-1864, Harvard University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Argues that the militarisation used against the rebels shifted power to local elites and weakened the centre.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Stephen R. Platt 2012, Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War, Knopf",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Treats the civil war as the event that set the late Qing on its course.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Joins them: country."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 4 causal sentences and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Taiping Rebellion is dated 1850 and the end of Qing dynasty 1912: a gap of 62 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-sinojapanese-prc",
   "cause": "Q170314",
   "effect": "Q148",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "contested",
   "summary": "The Japanese invasion is argued to have given the Communists the chance to mobilise the countryside and exhaust the Nationalists; others put their victory down to their own social programme.",
   "gap": 12,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Chalmers Johnson 1962, Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power: The Emergence of Revolutionary China, 1937-1945, Stanford University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Argues that the Japanese invasion enabled Communist mobilisation of the peasantry.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Mark Selden 1971, The Yenan Way in Revolutionary China, Harvard University Press",
     "stance": "against",
     "says": "Puts the Communists' success down to their social and economic programme rather than to the war.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No sentence in the article reads as causal here."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Second Sino-Japanese War is dated 1937 and the onset of People's Republic of China 1949: a gap of 12 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-bishopswars-englishcivilwar",
   "cause": "Q807843",
   "effect": "Q80330",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "trigger",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "Defeat by the Scots in the Bishops' Wars forced Charles I to recall Parliament, which is where the crisis that became the civil war began.",
   "gap": 3,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Conrad Russell 1991, The Fall of the British Monarchies 1637-1642, Oxford University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Argues that the problem of ruling three kingdoms, beginning in Scotland, brought on the English crisis.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Conrad Russell 1990, The Causes of the English Civil War, Oxford University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Names the Scottish war among the short-term causes of the conflict.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 1 causal sentence and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Bishops' Wars is dated 1639 and the onset of English Civil War 1642: a gap of 3 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-irish1641-englishcivilwar",
   "cause": "Q1461147",
   "effect": "Q80330",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "accelerant",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The Irish rising of 1641 forced the question of who would command an army to crush it, which split king and Parliament.",
   "gap": 1,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Conrad Russell 1991, The Fall of the British Monarchies 1637-1642, Oxford University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Shows the Irish rebellion turning the political crisis into a struggle over the militia.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 1 causal sentence and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Irish Rebellion of 1641 is dated 1641 and the onset of English Civil War 1642: a gap of 1 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-poltava-swedishempire",
   "cause": "Q152486",
   "effect": "Q215443",
   "aspect": "end",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The destruction of the Swedish army at Poltava in 1709 ended Sweden's standing as a great power, formalised when the empire's Baltic provinces were ceded in 1721.",
   "gap": 12,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Peter Englund 2003, The Battle That Shook Europe: Poltava and the Birth of the Russian Empire, I.B. Tauris",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Treats Poltava as the battle that ended the Swedish empire and made Russia's.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Robert I. Frost 2000, The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe, 1558-1721, Longman",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Places the Swedish collapse in the aftermath of Poltava.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Joins them: participant."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 2 causal sentences and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Battle of Poltava is dated 1709 and the end of Swedish Empire 1721: a gap of 12 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-thirdcoalition-hre",
   "cause": "Q249232",
   "effect": "Q12548",
   "aspect": "end",
   "role": "trigger",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "Napoleon's defeat of Austria in 1805 and the Confederation of the Rhine that followed led Francis II to dissolve the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.",
   "gap": 1,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Peter H. Wilson 2016, Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire, Harvard University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Ends the empire with the Napoleonic reorganisation of Germany after 1805.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Joachim Whaley 2012, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, vol. 2, Oxford University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Narrates the dissolution of 1806 as the outcome of the war of 1805.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Joins them: participant."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 1 causal sentence and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "War of the Third Coalition is dated 1805 and the end of Holy Roman Empire 1806: a gap of 1 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-ww2-bengal",
   "cause": "Q362",
   "effect": "Q522837",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "Wartime inflation, the loss of Burmese rice and British war priorities are what historians put behind the Bengal famine of 1943.",
   "gap": 4,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Amartya Sen 1981, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Oxford University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Argues that war-boom inflation collapsed the entitlements of rural labourers while food supply held.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Madhusree Mukerjee 2010, Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India during World War II, Basic Books",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Argues that British war policy worsened the famine.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No sentence in the article reads as causal here."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "World War II is dated 1939 and the onset of Bengal famine of 1943 1943: a gap of 4 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-whiterevolution-iranian",
   "cause": "Q1068139",
   "effect": "Q126065",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The Shah's White Revolution transformed land and society from above without opening politics, and historians give the social dislocation it produced as a root of 1979.",
   "gap": 15,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Ervand Abrahamian 1982, Iran Between Two Revolutions, Princeton University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Argues that uneven development without political participation produced the revolution.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Nikki R. Keddie 1981, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran, Yale University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Traces the revolution to the social consequences of the Shah's reforms.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 1 causal sentence and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "White Revolution is dated 1963 and the onset of Iranian Revolution 1978: a gap of 15 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-1953coup-iranian",
   "cause": "Q593774",
   "effect": "Q126065",
   "aspect": "onset",
   "role": "precondition",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The coup of 1953 restored the Shah with foreign help, and historians argue it stripped the monarchy of legitimacy for the quarter-century that followed.",
   "gap": 25,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Ervand Abrahamian 2013, The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the Roots of Modern U.S.-Iranian Relations, The New Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Argues that the coup delegitimised the monarchy and shaped the revolution of 1979.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Nikki R. Keddie 1981, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran, Yale University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Counts the coup among the grievances behind the revolution.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 1 causal sentence and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "1953 Iranian coup d'état is dated 1953 and the onset of Iranian Revolution 1978: a gap of 25 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-algerianwar-fourthrepublic",
   "cause": "Q200790",
   "effect": "Q69829",
   "aspect": "end",
   "role": "trigger",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The crisis of May 1958 over Algeria brought de Gaulle back and ended the Fourth Republic.",
   "gap": 4,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Alistair Horne 1977, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962, Macmillan",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Narrates the fall of the Fourth Republic in the Algerian crisis of 1958.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Todd Shepard 2006, The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France, Cornell University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Treats the war as what remade the French state in 1958-62.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 1 causal sentence and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Algerian War is dated 1954 and the end of French Fourth Republic 1958: a gap of 4 years."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "CLAIM-mongol-kievanrus",
   "cause": "Q1134220",
   "effect": "Q1108445",
   "aspect": "end",
   "role": "trigger",
   "standing": "accepted",
   "summary": "The Mongol invasion of 1237-40 and the sack of Kyiv ended Kyivan Rus' as a polity.",
   "gap": 17,
   "sources": [
    {
     "source": "Janet Martin 1995, Medieval Russia, 980-1584, Cambridge University Press",
     "stance": "for",
     "says": "Ends the Kyivan period with the Mongol conquest.",
     "historian": true
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikidata",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "No statement joins these two. Wikidata records causation sparingly and will not assert a contested one, which is a fact about the record rather than about the past."
    },
    {
     "source": "Wikipedia",
     "stance": "silent",
     "says": "The article carries 2 causal sentences and none of them names this."
    },
    {
     "source": "The atlas's own dates",
     "stance": "context",
     "says": "Mongol invasion of Kyivan Rus' is dated 1223 and the end of Kyivan Rus' 1240: a gap of 17 years."
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}